Abstract
Seroepidemiology studies had been used to research the newly discovered human bocaviruses (HBoVs). Antibodies against the HBoV1–4 VP2 protein virus-like particles (VLPs) were found to be cross-reactive. The aim of the present study was to characterize the seroprevalence of HBoV1 and 2 among healthy populations in China. Recombinant HBoV1 and 2 VLPs were used to establish enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detection of cross-reactivity between HBoV1 and HBoV2 in 1391 serum samples collected from healthy individuals in China. Of these, 884 samples were collected from Beijing and 507 were from Nanjing. Infection with HBoV1 and 2 was prevalent in healthy Chinese people, with the seroprevalence of HBoV1 and 2 in Beijing at 69.2 (612/884) and 64.4% (569/884), respectively. Highest seroprevalence was observed in 3–5-year-olds. The seroprevalence of HBoV1 was significantly decreased between 10–13-year-olds (80.3%) and 14–20-year-olds (62.3%, p< 0.05). For individuals over 20 years, seroprevalence was relatively constant at about 60%. Similar trends were observed in children from Nanjing, with seroprevalence of HBoV1 and 2 for healthy children at 80.7% (409/507) and 81.3% (412/507), respectively. Moreover, both mouse and human antibodies against HBoV1 and HBoV2 VLPs were found to be cross-reactive and 58.4% (813/1391) serum samples were seropositive for both HBoV1 and HBoV2. This finding suggests HBoV is highly prevalent in China and the antibodies produced as a result of infection with either HBoV1 or HBoV 2 will offer future protection. The cross-reactivity between HBoVs is crucial for accurately determining HBoV seroepidemiology.
Highlights
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) was discovered in 2005 in infants and children with infections of the lower respiratory tract [1]
The results of our codon optimization suggest that the yield of the virus-like particles (VLPs) for HBoV1 and HBoV2 was improved significantly from 0.031mg/ml to 1.5mg/ml and from 0.028mg/ml to 1.3mg/ml
Among the 884 samples from Beijing, we found that 80% (88/110) of samples from infants (0–1 years) were seropositive for anti-HBoV1 IgG
Summary
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) was discovered in 2005 in infants and children with infections of the lower respiratory tract [1]. HBoV1-specific IgG antibodies are frequently detected in children, with 91.8% of infants in the first months of life found to be seropositive. 40.7–60.0% of children between the ages of 5 and months, and 85% of individuals months and older, were seropositive for HBoV1-specific IgG antibodies [10]. It has been found that HBoV1 seroprevalence is age-related, and a greater number of healthy children were seropositive (84/233) compared with children that had lower respiratory tract infections (50/161) [12]. Kantola showed that antibodies against HBoV1–4 VP2 protein virus-like particles (VLPs) were cross-reactive, possibly accounting for the high HBoV1 seroprevalence previously reported [17]
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