Sensory perception in marine larvae.

Special issue on applied neurodynamics: from neural dynamics to neural engineering

The role of the nervous system in rhinitis

Miniaturization of Nervous Systems and Neurons

Vessels and Nerves: Marching to the Same Tune

Body size and the neural control of movement

We usually think that we – meaning our nervous systems – are in control of what our bodies do. Our intuitions lead us astray: in many cases, it seems that body movements only result from interactions among the musculoskeletal system, the external world and the nervous system. In rapid behaviors like running, physical interactions can be dominant, and the nervous system – particularly higher centers in the brain – may only have a small supporting role.In a recent paper in Physical Review E, Shinya Aoi, Tsuyoshi Yamashita and Kazua Tsuchiya provide a nice example of this complex coupling between nervous system, body and environment. Using a computational model, they examined how gait changes come about – why a dog might shift from a walk to a trot or vice versa – and found that coupling between the body and the environment could cause the gait to change, with no explicit shift in the neural control pattern.To examine this effect, the researchers built a computational four-legged animal. It has a ‘nervous system’ – a simulation of a neural circuit, present in the spinal cord of all vertebrates, called a central pattern generator (CPG), that produces the pattern of muscle activity for locomotion. The CPG controls a ‘body’ – a mechanical model of the four legs, each with a hip and a knee, but no ankle. Crucially, the forelimbs and hindlimbs are linked by a rotational spring joint at the waist. Each leg can contact the ‘environment’, which has a slightly springy surface. And finally, the CPG receives sensory input by phase resetting: each time a leg reaches a particular angle forward, the CPG is pushed towards a specific phase in the step cycle.The researchers set up the model so that each pair of left and right legs alternated with one another, but they didn't specify how the forelimbs and hindlimbs should be coordinated. They found two stable coordination patterns: a pace, in which both legs on the left side alternate with both legs on the right; and a walk–trot pattern, in which the model shifted from walking at low speeds to trotting at high speeds.There was not a single speed at which the model shifted from a walk to a trot; instead, the shift speed depended on whether the model's speed was increasing or decreasing. If the model speeded up from a slow walk, it only shifted to a trot at a relatively high speed. If it slowed down from a high speed trot, it carried on trotting for a long time, even at speeds much slower than the first transition speed (when speed was increasing and the model shifted up to a trot), until the quadruped finally shifted to a walk at a relatively low speed. This effect, called hysteresis, has been observed in cats, horses and humans, among others.Interestingly, the hysteresis also arose when the researchers changed the stiffness of the waist joint. At low stiffness, the model would trot; at high stiffness, the model would walk; but in between, it depended on whether the stiffness was increasing or decreasing.In Aoi's model, the hysteresis in the gait transition was purely an effect from the body's interaction with the ground. For animals, the nervous system probably contributes to some degree, but these results suggest that mechanics may play a crucial role in determining how and when a gait changes.

Cardiac Autonomic Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Heart Failure

Crosstalk between the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems in immunotoxicology

This paper is the first of a series which the author proposes to submit to the Royal Society on the comparative anatomy and the developement of the nervous and circulatory systems in articulated animals. Its purpose is, in the first place, to investigate the minute anatomy of the nervous system in the Myriapoda and the Macrou­rous Arachnida, and more especially with reference to the structure of the nervous cord and its ganglia; and thence to deduce certain conclusions with respect to the physiology of that system and the reflex movements in vertebrated animals; secondly, to demonstrate the existence of a complete system of circulatory vessels in the Myriapoda and Arachnida; and thirdly, to point out the identity of the laws which regulate the developement of the nervous and circu­latory systems throughout the whole of the Articulata, and the de­pendence of these systems on the changes which take place in the muscular and tegumentary structures of the body, as, in a former paper, he showed was the case with regard to the changes occurring in the nervous system of true insects. The first part of the paper relates to the nervous system. A description is given of this system in the Chilognatha, which the au­thor was led, by his former investigations, to regard as the lowest order of the Myriapoda, and approximating most nearly to the Annelida. He traces the different forms exhibited by the nervous system in the principal genera of that order, the most perfect of which are connected on the one hand with the Crustacea, and on the other with true insects. Passing from these to the Geophili, the lowest family of the Chilopoda, which still present the vermiform type, the nervous system is traced to the tailed Arachnida, the Scorpions, through Scolopendra, Lithobius and Scutigera; the last of which tribes connects the Myriapoda on the one hand with the true insects, and on the other with the Arachnida. he brain and the visceral nerves, the coverings and structure of the cord and ganglia, and the distribution of the systemic nerves are examined in each genus, but more particularly in the Scorpion, in which the nerves of the limbs are traced to the last joints of the tarsi, and those of the tail to the extremity of the sting. Especial attention is bestowed on the structure of the cord and its ganglia, and their developement during the growth of the animal. In the lowest forms of the Iulidæ, in which the ganglia are very close together, and hardly distinguishable from the non-ganglionie portions of the cord, the author has satisfactorily traced four series of fibres, a superior, and an inferior one, and also a transverse and a lateral series. I he superior series, which he formerly described in insects as the motor tract, he has assured himself is distinct from the inferior, which he regarded as the sensitive tract; this evidently appears on examining the upper and under sides of a ganglionic enlargement of the cord. On the upper surface the direction of the fibres is perfectly longitu­dinal; while the fibres on the under surface are enlarged, and cur­vilinear in their direction. But he remarks that it is almost impos­sible to determine by experiment whether these structures are sepa­rately motor and sensitive, as formerly supposed, or whether they both administer to these functions by an interchange of fibres. These two series appear also to be separated in each ganglionic enlargement of the cord by the third series, constituting the transverse or com­missural fibres, which pass transversely through the ganglia, and of which the existence was first indicated by the author in his paper on the Sphinx ligustri , published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1834. The author states that, in addition to these, there is in each half of the cord another and more important series of fibres, which constitute a large portion of the cord, but of which the existence has hitherto entirely escaped observation. This series forms the lateral portion of each half of the cord, and differs from the superior and inferior series in the circumstance, that while those latter series are traceable along the whole length of the cord to the subœsophageal and cerebral ganglia, the former series extends only from the posterior margin of one ganglion to the anterior margin of the first or second beyond it; thus bounding the posterior side of one nerve and the anterior of another, and forming part of the cord only in the interval between the two nerves. From this circumstance, the author designates the fibres of this series, fibres of reinforcement of the cord . Every nerve proceeding from a ganglionic enlargement is composed of these tour sets of fibres, namely, an upper and an under one, communicating with the cephalic ganglia; a transverse or commissural, which com­municates only with corresponding nerves on the opposite side of the body; and a lateral set, which communicates only with nerves from another ganglionic enlargement on the same side of the body, and which forms part of the cord in the interspace between the gan­glia. The author had long suspected that this latter set of fibres existed; but he had never, until lately, ascertained their presence by actual observation. Their action seems fully to account for the reflected movements of parts both anterior and posterior to an irritated lim b; as that of the commissural set does the movements of parts situated on the opposite side of the body to that which is irritated. In the ganglia of the cord in lulus and Polydesmus, the fibres of the inferior longitudinal series are enlarged and softened on entering the ganglion, but are again reduced to their original size on leaving it; thus appearing to illustrate the structure of ganglia in general. In the developement of the ganglia and nerves in these genera, and also in Geophilus, the same changes take place as those which were formerly described by the author as occurring in insects; namely, an aggregation of ganglia in certain portions of the cord, and shift­ing of the position of certain nerves, which at first exist at ganglionic portions of the cord, but afterwards become removed to a non-ganglionic portion. The nervous cord is elongated, in order that it may keep pace with the growth of the body, which is periodically acquiring additional segments: that this elongation takes place in the ganglia is proved by these changes of position in the nerves lying transversely across the ganglia. The author infers from these facts, that the ganglia are centres of growth and nourishment, as well as of reflex movements, and that they are analogous to the enlarge­ments of the cord in the vertebrata.

The origin of neurons and neural systems is a research area that has begun to experience increased progress with the growing availability of genomic data from a range of basal metazoans and closely related outgroups. This has allowed a reevaluation of previous models of neural evolution. Consequently, the aim of this thesis was to use new genetic and physiological tools to determine what sponges can tell us about the early evolution of nerves. This thesis reports the finding of near-complete sets of post-synaptic density genes across the sponge classes, as well as selected enzymes involved in the synthesis of classical neurotransmitters. Building on the identification of GABAB receptors I attempted to produce an antibody against the GABAB receptor from the demosponge Spongilla lacustris. However, the polyclonal antibody generated was unable to identify the receptor through Western Blot analysis. Lastly, further elucidation the physiological mechanism behind the demosponge inflation and contraction behavior by demonstrating the presence of a Ca2+ wave acting as a coordination signal was attempted. The results I obtained are consistent, though not definitive, with the spread of a calcium wave as a factor in coordinating this response. Collectively I interpret the results to mean that while sponges have molecules and use processes which are important building blocks of conventional nervous systems, sponges ought not to be perceived as animals with a ‘near nervous system.’ Rather, their genetic components and physiological processes are adaptations to the specific environmental circumstances in which they function.

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are amphipathic lipids ubiquitously expressed in all vertebrate cells and body fluids, but they are especially abundant in the nervous system. The synthesis of GSLs generally is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum and completed in the Golgi apparatus, followed by transportation to the plasma membrane surface as an integral component. The amount and expression patterns of GSLs change drastically in brains during the embryonic to postnatal stages. Recent studies have revealed that GSLs are highly localized in cell surface microdomains and function as important components that mediate signal transduction and cell adhesion. Also in developing brains, GSLs are suggested to play important roles in nervous system formation. Disturbance of GSL expression and metabolism affects brain function, resulting in a variety of diseases, particularly lysosomal storage diseases. In this review, we describe some aspects of the roles of GSLs, especially of gangliosides, in brain development.

Effects of spinal manipulative therapy on autonomic activity and the cardiovascular system: A case study using the electrocardiogram and arterial tonometry

Melanocytes: A Window into the Nervous System

Neuropeptides are neurosecretory signaling molecules in protostomes and deuterostomes (together Nephrozoa). Little, however, is known about the neuropeptide complement of the sister group of Nephrozoa, the Xenacoelomorpha, which together form the Bilateria. Because members of the xenacoelomorph clades Xenoturbella, Nemertodermatida, and Acoela differ extensively in their central nervous system anatomy, the reconstruction of the xenacoelomorph and bilaterian neuropeptide complements may provide insights into the relationship between nervous system evolution and peptidergic signaling. Here, we analyzed transcriptomes of seven acoels, four nemertodermatids, and two Xenoturbella species using motif searches, similarity searches, mass spectrometry and phylogenetic analyses to characterize neuropeptide precursors and neuropeptide receptors. Our comparison of these repertoires with previously reported nephrozoan and cnidarian sequences shows that the majority of annotated neuropeptide GPCRs in cnidarians are not orthologs of specific bilaterian neuropeptide receptors, which suggests that most of the bilaterian neuropeptide systems evolved after the cnidarian–bilaterian evolutionary split. This expansion of more than 20 peptidergic systems in the stem leading to the Bilateria predates the evolution of complex nephrozoan organs and nervous system architectures. From this ancient set of neuropeptides, acoels show frequent losses that correlate with their divergent central nervous system anatomy. We furthermore detected the emergence of novel neuropeptides in xenacoelomorphs and their expansion along the nemertodermatid and acoel lineages, the two clades that evolved nervous system condensations. Together, our study provides fundamental insights into the early evolution of the bilaterian peptidergic systems, which will guide future functional and comparative studies of bilaterian nervous systems.

Previous articleNext article FreeIndex to Titles and Authors/Editors of Books Reviewed Volume 92 (2017)PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreEntries are by title and author/editor; lead reviews are so designated.Activist Biology: The National Museum, Politics, and Nation Building in Brazil, by R. H. Durate, transl. by D. G. Whitty, 302Adaptation in Metapopulations: How Interaction Changes Evolution, by M. J. Wade, 186Adaptive Behavior and Learning, by J. E. R. Staddon, 2nd ed., 192Addressing Concerns about Extinction and Biodiversity by Moving beyond Biology, by J. V. Yule, lead review of Imagining Extinction: The Cultural Meanings of Endangered Species, by U. K. Heise, 445Adolescence: A Very Short Introduction, by P. K. Smith, 489Adovasio J. M., and D. Pedler, Strangers in a New Land: What Archaeology Reveals about the First Americans, 299Ageing: A Very Short Introduction, by N. A. Pachana, 489Albuquerque U. P., et al. (eds.), Evolutionary Ethnobiology, 187Alexander D. E., On the Wing: Insects, Pterosaurs, Birds, Bats and the Evolution of Animal Flight, 190Algebraic and Discrete Mathematical Methods for Modern Biology, ed. by R. S. Robeva, 86Allmon W. D., and M. M. Yacobucci (eds.), Species and Speciation in the Fossil Record, 461Amphibians of Costa Rica: A Field Guide, by T. Leenders, 487Andrews B., et al. (eds.), Budding Yeast: A Laboratory Manual, 336Andrews P., An Ape’s View of Human Evolution, 469Animal Athletes: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach, by D. J. Irschick and T. E. Higham, 99Animal Physiology, by R. W. Hill et al., 4th ed., 330Animal Signaling and Function: An Integrative Approach, ed. by D. J. Irschick et al., 98Animal Vigilance: Monitoring Predators and Competitors, by G. Beauchamp, 100Ape’s View of Human Evolution, by P. Andrews, 469Approaches to Plant Evolutionary Ecology, by G. P. Cheplick, 339Aquiloni L., and E. Tricarico (eds.), Social Recognition in Invertebrates: The Knowns and the Unknowns, 326Arc of Life: Evolution and Health Across the Life Course, ed. by G. Jasienska et al., 320Arresting Contagion: Science, Policy, and Conflicts Over Animal Disease Control, by A. L. Olmstead and P. W. Rhode, 456Asian Pitvipers: Breeding Experience & Wildlife, by D. Visser, 112Austral Ark: The State of Wildlife in Australia and New Zealand, ed. by A. Stow et al., 315Australian Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), by A. Ślipiński and H. E. Escalona, Vol. 2 (Subfamily Cerambycinae), 208Australian Wildlife after Dark, by M. Robinson and B. Thomson, 345Ayala F. J., Evolution, Explanation, Ethics, and Aesthetics: Towards a Philosophy of Biology, 172Baby Gorilla: Photographic and Descriptive Atlas of Skeleton, Muscles and Internal Organs: Including CT Scans and Comparison with Adult Gorillas, Humans and Other Primates, by R. Diogo et al., 199Backcasts: A Global History of Fly Fishing and Conservation, ed. by S. Snyder et al., 458Bacterial Spore: From Molecules to Systems, ed. by A. Driks and P. Eichenberger, 337Baggott J., Origins: The Scientific Story of Creation, 85Barash D. P., Out of Eden: The Surprising Consequences of Polygamy, 322Barker G., Beyond Biofatalism: Human Nature for an Evolving World, 192Barrett S. C. H., et al. (eds.), Invasion Genetics: The Baker and Stebbins Legacy, 334Basics in Human Evolution, ed. by M. P. Muehlenbein, 95Bats of Somalia and Neighbouring Areas, by B. Lanza et al., 112Bauerfeind R., et al., Zoonoses: Infectious Diseases Transmissible between Animals and Humans, 4th ed., 346Baum D. A., Does the Future of Systematics Really Rest on the Legacy of One Mid-20th-Century German Entomologist?, lead review of The Future of Phylogenetic Systematics: The Legacy of Willi Hennig, ed. by D. Williams et al., 450Baumard N., The Origins of Fairness: How Evolution Explains Our Moral Nature, transl. by P. Reeve, 81Bayne K., and P. V. Turner (eds.), Laboratory Animal Welfare, 80Beastly Morality: Animals as Ethical Agents, ed. by J. K. Crane, 79Beauchamp G., Animal Vigilance: Monitoring Predators and Competitors, 100Bees in Your Backyard: A Guide to North America’s Bees, by J. S. Wilson and O. M. Carril, 206Behavioral Ecology of the Eastern Red-backed Salamander: 50 Years of Research, by R. G. Jaeger et al., 212Being-in-Creation: Human Responsibility in an Endangered World, ed. by B. Treanor et al., 173Benton R. C., et al., The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology, 178Berger-Tal O., and D. Saltz (eds.), Conservation Behavior: Applying Behavioral Ecology to Wildlife Conservation and Management, 325Berta A. (ed.), Whales, Dolphins & Porpoises: A Natural History and Species Guide, 113Berthoz A., The Vicarious Brain: Creator of Worlds, transl. by G. Weiss, 473Bertram J. E. A. (ed.), Understanding Mammalian Locomotion: Concepts and Applications, 199Beyond Biofatalism: Human Nature for an Evolving World, by G. Barker, 192Beyond Matter: Why Science Needs Metaphysics, by R. Trigg, 81Big Farms Make Big Flu: Dispatches on Infectious Disease, Agribusiness, and the Nature of Science, by R. Wallace, 345Biochar Application: Essential Soil Microbial Ecology, ed. by T. K. Ralebitso-Senior and C. H. Orr, 336Biochemical Evolution: The Pursuit of Perfection, by A. Cornish-Bowden, 2nd ed., 332Biocontrol of Lepidopteran Pests: Use of Soil Microbes and Their Metabolites, ed. by K. S. Sree and A. Varma, 208Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates, by H. Ehrlich, 112Biology and Culture of Percid Fishes: Principles and Practices, ed. by P. Kestemont et al., 210Biology and Evolution of the Mexican Cavefish, ed. by A. C. Keene et al., 485Biology and Management of Invasive Quagga and Zebra Mussels in the Western United States, ed. by W. H. Wong and S. L. Gerstenberger, 209Bird Brain: An Exploration of Avian Intelligence, by N. Emery, 101Birds of Stone: Chinese Avian Fossils from the Age of Dinosaurs, by L. M. Chiappe and M. Qingjin, 462Birth of the Anthropocene, by J. Davies, 463Body Messages: The Quest for the Proteins of Cellular Communication, by G. Fantuzzi, 331Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums, by S. J. Redman, 299Book of Frogs: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from Around the World, by T. Halliday, 211Botstein D., Decoding the Language of Genetics, 107Bottjer D. J., Paleoecology: Past, Present, and Future, 460Boughner J. C., and C. Rolian (eds.), Developmental Approaches to Human Evolution, 200Braby M. F., The Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia, 2nd ed., 341Bradshaw G. A., Carnivore Minds: Who These Fearsome Animals Really Are, 312Breisch A. R., The Snake and the Salamander: Reptiles and Amphibians from Maine to Virginia, 486Brief History of Creation: Science and the Search for the Origin of Life, by B. Mesler and H. J. Cleaves II, 84Broughton J. M., and S. D. Miller, Zooarchaeology and Field Ecology: A Photographic Atlas, 482Brusca R. C., et al., Invertebrates, 3rd ed., 482Budding Yeast: A Laboratory Manual, ed. by B. Andrews et al., 336Burkhardt F., and J. A. Secord (eds.), The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Vol. 23 (1875), 83Burkhardt F., and J. A. Secord (eds.), The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Vol. 24 (1876. Supplement to the Correspondence 1838-75), 300Butterflies of the Andes: Their Biodynamics and Diversification, by B. Purser, 207Cabaret of Plants: Forty Thousand Years of Plant Life and the Human Imagination, by R. Mabey, 481Cachel S., Fossil Primates, 176California Current: A Pacific Ecosystem and Its Fliers, Divers, and Swimmers, by S. Ulanski, 465Carnivore Minds: Who These Fearsome Animals Really Are, by G. A. Bradshaw, 312Caro T., Zebra Stripes, 488Carroll S. B., The Serengeti Rules: The Quest to Discover How Life Works and Why It Matters, 181Castellini M. A., and J.-A. Mellish (eds.), Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living, 474Cat Wars: The Devastating Consequences of a Cuddly Killer, by P. P. Marra and C. Santella, 487Cell: A Molecular Approach, by G. M. Cooper and R. E. Hausman, 7th ed., 202Cell Biology by the Numbers, by R. Milo and R. Phillips, 477Cell Signaling: Principles and Mechanisms, by W. Lim et al., 105Cell Signaling during Mammalian Early Embryo Development, ed. by H. J. Leese and D. R. Brison, 201Charles Darwin’s Life with Birds: His Complete Ornithology, by C. B. Frith, 171Charnley S., et al. (eds.), Stitching the West Back Together: Conservation of Working Landscapes, 186Cheats and Deceits: How Animals and Plants Exploit and Mislead, by M. Stevens, 471Cheplick G. P., Approaches to Plant Evolutionary Ecology, 339Chiappe L. M., and M. Qingjin, Birds of Stone: Chinese Avian Fossils from the Age of Dinosaurs, 462Choanoflagellates: Evolution, Biology and Ecology, by B. S. C. Leadbeater, 108Churchland P. S., and T. J. Sejnowski, The Computational Brain (25th Anniversary Edition), 328Circadian Physiology, by R. Refinetti, 3rd ed., 330Cléton F., et al., Tarantulas: Breeding Experience & Wildlife, 111Climate Change in Wildlands: Pioneering Approaches to Science and Management, ed. by A. J. Hansen et al., 466Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet, by G. Wagner and M. L. Weitzman, 94Cobb M., Life’s Greatest Secret: The Race to Crack the Genetic Code, 106Coexistence: The Ecology and Evolution of Tropical Biodiversity, by J. Sapp, 314Comparative Bone Identification: Human Subadult to Nonhuman, by D. L. France, 330Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia, by M. F. Braby, 2nd ed., 341Computational Brain (25th Anniversary Edition), by P. S. Churchland and T. J. Sejnowski, 328Conflicts in Conservation: Navigating Towards Solution, ed. by S. M. Redpath et al., 185Conservation Behavior: Applying Behavioral Ecology to Wildlife Conservation and Management, ed. by O. Berger-Tal and D. Saltz, 325Conservation Education and Outreach Techniques, by S. K. Jacobson et al., 2nd ed., 183Cooper G. M., and R. E. Hausman, The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 7th ed., 202Cooperative Breeding in Vertebrates: Studies of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, ed. by W. D. Koenig and J. L. Dickinson, 99Corballis M. C., The Wandering Mind: What the Brain Does When You’re Not Looking, 104Cornish-Bowden A., Biochemical Evolution: The Pursuit of Perfection, 2nd ed., 332Correspondence of Charles Darwin, ed. by F. Burkhardt and J. A. Secord, Vol. 23 (1875), 83Correspondence of Charles Darwin, ed. by F. Burkhardt and J. A. Secord, Vol. 24 (1876. Supplement to the Correspondence 1838-75), 300Costa Rican Ecosystems, ed. by M. Kappelle, 90Costly and Cute: Helpless Infants and Human Evolution, ed. by W. R. Trevathan and K. R. Rosenberg, 319Coyne J. A., Faith versus Fact: Why Science and Religion are Incompatible, lead review, 289Craig N. L., et al. (eds.), Mobile DNA III, 203Cramer D., The Narrow Edge: A Tiny Bird, An Ancient Crab and An Epic Journey, 472Crane J. K. (ed.), Beastly Morality: Animals as Ethical Agent, 79Croft D. A., Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, 307Crystallography: A Very Short Introduction, by A. M. Glazer, 489Cultural Lives of Whales and Dolphins, by H. Whitehead and L. Rendell, 215Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology, ed. by L. M. Straffon, 470Curry H. A., Evolution Made to Order: Plant Breeding and Technological Innovation in Twentieth-Century America, 337Daar J., The New Eugenics: Selective Breeding in an Era of Reproductive Technologies, 478Dance to the Tune of Life: Biological Relativity, by D. Noble, 302Dancing Bees: Karl von Frisch and the Discovery of the Honeybee Language, by T. Munz, 169Dark Ecology: For a Logic of Future Coexistence, by T. Morton, 463Darwin and the Making of Sexual Selection, by E. Richards, 454Darwin’s Man in Brazil: The Evolving Science of Fritz Müller, by D. A. West, 171Data-Centric Biology: A Philosophical Study, by S. Leonelli, lead review, 292Davies J., The Birth of the Anthropocene, 463Dayan C., With Dogs at the Edge of Life, 343Decoding the Language of Genetics, by D. Botstein, 107Deeming D. C., and S. J. Reynolds (eds.), Nests, Eggs, and Incubation: New Ideas about Avian Reproduction, 98Denny M., Ecological Mechanics: Principles of Life’s Physical Interactions, 87Descriptive Taxonomy: The Foundation of Biodiversity Research, ed. by M. F. Watson et al., 190Developmental Approaches to Human Evolution, ed. by J. C. Boughner and C. Rolian, 200Developmental Biology, by S. F. Gilbert and M. J. F. Barresi, 11th ed., 331De-Yuan H., and S. Blackmore (eds.), Plants of China: A Companion to the Flora of China, 109Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, by L. S. Garcia, 6th ed., 216Dietert R., The Human Superorganism: How the Microbiome Is Revolutionizing the Pursuit of a Healthy Life, 203Dingo Debate: Origins, Behaviour and Conservation, ed. by B. Smith, 214Dinosaurs: How They Lived and Evolved, by D. Naish and P. Barrett, 305Dinosaurs: The Textbook, by S. G. Lucas, 6th ed., 177Dinosaur Tracks: The Next Steps, ed. by P. L. Falkingham et al., 306Diogo R., Evolution Driven by Organismal Behavior: A Unifying View of Life, Function, Form, Mismatches, and Trends, 469Diogo R., et al., Baby Gorilla: Photographic and Descriptive Atlas of Skeleton, Muscles and Internal Organs: Including CT Scans and Comparison with Adult Gorillas, Humans and Other Primates, 199Diseases of the Nervous System, by H. Sontheimer, 196Divan A., and J. A. Royds, Molecular Biology: A Very Short Introduction, 478DNA Methylation and Complex Human Disease, by M. Neidhart, 336Does the Future of Systematics Really Rest on the Legacy of One Mid-20th-Century German Entomologist?, by D. A. Baum, lead review of The Future of Phylogenetic Systematics: The Legacy of Willi Hennig, ed. by D. Williams et al., 450Donlan C. J. (ed.), Proactive Strategies for Protecting Species: Pre-Listing Conservation and the Endangered Species Act, 93Downing K. L., Intelligence Emerging: Adaptivity and Search in Evolving Neural Systems, 195Driks A., and P. Eichenberger (eds.), The Bacterial Spore: From Molecules to Systems, 337Dronamraju K., Popularizing Science: The Life and Work of JBS Haldane, 301Duarte R. H., Activist Biology: The National Museum, Politics, and Nation Building in Brazil, transl. by D. G. Whitty, 302Dugatkin L. A., and L. Trut, How to Tame a Fox (and Build a Dog): Visionary Scientists and a Siberian Tale of Jump-Started Evolution, 324Dunbar R., Human Evolution: Our Brains and Behavior, 318Dwarf and Mouse Lemurs of Madagascar: Biology, Behavior and Conservation: Biogeography of the Cheirogaleidae, ed. by S. M. Lehman et al., 215Dykhuizen D. E., Religion, Science, and Living, lead review of Faith versus Fact: Why Science and Religion are Incompatible, by J. A. Coyne, 289Eco-evolutionary Dynamics, by A. P. Hendry, 321Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Mammals, by P. C. Withers et al., 330Ecological Challenges and Conservation Conundrums: Essays and Reflections for a Changing World, by J. A. 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(eds.), The Pragmatic Turn: Toward Action-Oriented Views of Cognitive Science, 195Environmental Sex Differentiation in Fish, by T. J. Pandian, 89Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cellular Reprogramming, ed. by A. Meissner and J. Walter, 108Epigenetic Technological Applications, ed. by Y. G. Zheng, 107Epigenome and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, ed. by C. S. Rosenfeld, 346Epstein M. E., Moths, Myths, and Mosquitoes: The Eccentric Life of Harrison G. Dyar, Jr., 170Esch G. W., Ecological Parasitology: Reflections on 50 Years of Research in Aquatic Ecosystems, 310Essig F. B., Plant Life: A Brief History, 204Ethics in the Real World: 82 Brief Essays on Things That Matter, by P. Singer, 297Ethics of Invention: Technology and the Human Future, by S. Jasanoff, 455Evolutionary Biology: Biodiversification from Genotype to Phenotype, ed. by P. Pontarotti, 317Evolutionary The of and by H. Ethnobiology, ed. by U. P. et al., of by P. 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