Abstract
The elucidation of biological processes involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) facilitates a better understanding of the underlying progression of non-communicable diseases. Fluorescent probes are a powerful tool to study various ROS and have the potential to become essential diagnostic tools. We have developed a series of coumarin fluorescent probes for the selective and sensitive detection of peroxynitrite (ONOO−), a key ROS. Coumarin based probes exhibit good photostability, large Stokes shift and high quantum yields. The three ratiometric probes all contain a boronate ester motif for the detection of ONOO− and a distinctive organelle targeting group. The study of ONOO− generation in a particular organelle will allow more precise disease profiling. Hence, targeting groups for the mitochondria, lysosome and endoplasmic reticulum were introduced into a coumarin scaffold. The three ratiometric probes displayed sensitive and selective detection of ONOO− over other ROS species. All three coumarin probes were evaluated in murine RAW264.7 macrophages for detection of basal and stimulated ONOO− formation.
Highlights
Macrophages are a diverse population of innate immune cells with roles that include anti-microbial phagocytic activities, wound healing, adipose tissue metabolism and removal of senescent cells (Hirayama et al, 2017)
ONOO− is generated from nitric oxide free radicals (NO·) reacting with superoxide anions (O·2−) generated by a number of enzymatic pathways including NADPH oxidases
Each probe was designed to detect ONOO− in a different organelle: mitochondrion, lysosome and endoplasmic reticulum via the incorporation of relevant targeting groups for these organelles and a boronate ester sensing motif into a coumarin scaffold
Summary
Macrophages are a diverse population of innate immune cells with roles that include anti-microbial phagocytic activities, wound healing, adipose tissue metabolism and removal of senescent cells (Hirayama et al, 2017). Sensing Peroxynitrite With Fluorescent Probes an array of cellular pathways including oxidation and nitration of proteins and lipids. We have been interested in the coumarin scaffold since these are widely employed in a variety of applications, notably in the development of anti-cancer, antiinflammatory and neurodegenerative drugs (Jameel et al, 2016) as well as fluorescent tools for the detection of biologically relevant analytes such as ROS (Lo and Chu, 2003; Soh et al, 2008; Yuan et al, 2011). Each probe was designed to detect ONOO− in a different organelle: mitochondrion, lysosome and endoplasmic reticulum via the incorporation of relevant targeting groups for these organelles and a boronate ester sensing motif into a coumarin scaffold
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