Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate associations between psychological and biological changes due to resistance training in people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Subjects were randomized into maximal (MRT) versus endurance resistance training (ERT) groups. Intervention periods lasted four months. All subjects had blood work that suggested IGT at the initial screening. The ERT acted as a wait-list control group when the MRT performed their training. Baseline scores on general life satisfaction (LISAT) and sense of humor (SHQ-6: a positive coping resources) were obtained. Potential differences between groups (types of intervention and intervention versus control) were investigated by analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). Correlations were calculated in each group to estimate the degree of covariance between biological and psychological changes from pre- to post-intervention by Pearson and Spearman coefficients. Sense of humor tended to be correlated with a positive reduction of insulin following MRT as well as with reduction in body fat following ERT. Differences across the intervention groups in changes from pre- to post-training in biological variables (glucose, insulin, muscle mass, and corrected percentage of fat) as well as psychological variables (general life satisfaction and sense of humor) were not significant, whereas differences in BMI and weight were significant. By investigating the intervention groups separately in comparison to the control group, the MRT revealed significant improvement by reduction in insulin, percentage of fat, BMI and weight. The ERT caused significant improvements for insulin and percentage of fat, while general life satisfaction had a significant negative development.
Highlights
In order to adhere to a physical training programme, an individual often experiences considerable strain, which may hinder motivational resources to cope with exercise demands [1] [2]
Subjects were randomized into maximal (MRT) versus endurance resistance training (ERT) groups
Sense of humor tended to be correlated with a positive reduction of insulin following maximal resistance training (MRT) as well as with reduction in body fat following ERT
Summary
In order to adhere to a physical training programme, an individual often experiences considerable strain, which may hinder motivational resources to cope with exercise demands [1] [2]. Individual differences in psychological characteristics may be associated with effects from exercise prevention programmes. Martinsen and colleagues [8] address the lack of studies on dose-response effects of physical activity or exercise on psychological changes in a review. Such differences may reflect differences in the psychological effects of acute life circumstances, which are seen in the subjective appraisal of overall life and positive as well as negative mood variables (ibid.). Behavioural inhibition in adolescents appears to be inversely related to cardiovascular fitness and tolerance for high-intensity exercise. Adolescents report reduced enjoyment as opposed to individuals scoring high on assessment of behavioural activation, where enjoyment appears to be a more likely outcome, as assessed by scores on psychological measures of behavioural activation and inhibition systems of the brain [9]
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