Abstract
Acid recovery from industrial wastewater based on membrane separation is an essential technology to improve the economic efficiency and environmental friendliness. However, the low recovery efficiency and trade-off between acid permeability and selectivity of membrane materials have hindered the widespread application of this technology. In this study, we developed a spiro-branched membrane with semiflexible three-dimensional (3D) network structure by utilizing rigid contorted units as branching nodes. The semiflexible 3D network structure led to inefficient chain packing and the creation of numerous sub-nanoscale microporous ion channels, with sizes that can be finely adjusted. Furthermore, this 3D network structure allows the membrane to maintain low swelling and excellent stability while being enriched with positively charged groups. Ultimately, the optimally tuned membrane separator demonstrated an outstanding H+ dialysis coefficient (up to 108.6 × 10−3 m h−1), good selectivity (42.2) and high stability, surpassing both commercial membranes and those reported recently.
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