Abstract
We report on the formation of semi-polycrystalline polyaniline, a novel electroactive polymeric material synthesized by a modified surfactant-free chemical route and its enhanced electrochemical capacitive behavior. The material exhibits uniformly arranged spindle-shaped morphology in scanning electron microscopy and well-defined crystallographic lattices in the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The X-ray diffraction spectrum reveals sharp peaks characteristic of a crystalline material. The characteristic chemical properties of polyaniline are recorded using Fourier transform infrared technology and laser Raman spectroscopies. The cyclic voltammetry curves exhibit features of surface-redox pseudocapacitance. The specific capacitance calculated for the material is 551 F g−1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1. The cycle stability and the coulombic efficiency recorded at a current density of 12 A g−1 exhibited good stability (90.3% and 99.5%, respectively) over 3000 cycles.
Highlights
IntroductionThere is an increasing need for developing energy storage devices to complement the exponential rise in the manufacturing and usage of portable and wearable electronic devices, such as modern mobile handsets with highly upgraded and useful functions, applications (activity trackers), smart watches, medical devices (pacemakers, insulin pumps, sensors), and so on
There is an increasing need for developing energy storage devices to complement the exponential rise in the manufacturing and usage of portable and wearable electronic devices, such as modern mobile handsets with highly upgraded and useful functions, applications, smart watches, medical devices, and so on
1a,polyaniline the polyaniline appears be a porous in 1b, the1b, material appears to be composed of spindle-shaped fibrilsfibrils of approximately uniform
Summary
There is an increasing need for developing energy storage devices to complement the exponential rise in the manufacturing and usage of portable and wearable electronic devices, such as modern mobile handsets with highly upgraded and useful functions, applications (activity trackers), smart watches, medical devices (pacemakers, insulin pumps, sensors), and so on. Polyaniline is a well-known conducting polymer, known as aniline black, that can be synthesized either, by a chemical route or electrochemical methods (electropolymerization) [6–14] In recent years, it has been widely used as an electroactive material in various application, e.g., energy storage and conversion, supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, biosensors, field-effect transistors, solar cells, corrosion protection, polymer light diodes, and so on [15–23]. It has been widely used as an electroactive material in various application, e.g., energy storage and conversion, supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, biosensors, field-effect transistors, solar cells, corrosion protection, polymer light diodes, and so on [15–23] It possesses variable oxidation states and exhibits reversible electrochemical behavior and tunable pseudocapacitive properties. It is either employed as a standalone electroactive material or in composite form with other electroactive materials, viz., carbonaceous material, metal oxides and other polymeric materials [3,5,6,15,24–31]
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