Selling Solidarity: Interwar Dutch Leftist Negotiations over Anti-Colonial Solidarity

An important issue in the study of international cooperation is whether regimes are grounded centrally on mutual interests among states or on power relations. This article presents the basic neorealist and neoliberal perspectives on this issue. It notes, however, that neorealists have failed to recognize that some regimes based on mutual interest in the protection of state political autonomy are consistent with neorealist assumptions. The article analyzes the international regimes for the shipping, air transport, telecommunications and postal service industries and focuses on the mutual interests that supported the regime norms. The analysis indicates that mutual interests in facilitating the flow of international commerce and protecting states' policy autonomy in strategic economic sectors have sustained very strong regimes since the late 19th century. The key exception to this evaluation is the crumbling of those aspects of the regimes governing prices and market shares since the late 1970s.

Nations have no permanent friends or enemies, only permanent interests.-Lord Palmerston, British Foreign Minister, 1846-51Institutions have minimal influence on state behaviour and thus hold little promise for promoting stability in the post-Cold War world.1International relations is difficult subject of study, due to the intricacy of myriad issues left unresolved by practitioners and/or theorists. Primary to these issues is the concept of power - how to define it, who exercises it, and who authorizes its use. A major part of this complexity is that relations is practised in an anarchic system - system where there is no recognized overarching authority to determine who gets what, when, and how. This has resulted in the narrative, according to which certain collective norms and practices are perceived to form the basis on which states and nonstate actors interact.2 In contrast to this governance is government, which is seen to dwell more on politics and some kind of binding decisions regarding norms, principles, and procedure. This article analyzes the limits or deficiencies of such normative claims and also intends to shed light on the applicability of norms at both the and domestic levels. In this context, the article argues that the order, while very appealing and modest, does not sufficientiy explain states' behaviour (especially that of powerful ones) at the level. Inasmuch as the formation of interdependences, regimes, and transnational organizations are on the ascendency, states (at least for now) continue to hold centrality in world affairs, and powerful states often determine how and to where the power pendulum swings. In fact, much of what goes on in the system is dominated and controlled by these states, which often determine the extent to which organizations and other transnational networks influence the system. This phenomenon leads to the marginalization of other states that are expected to be equal members of these organizations. Hence, mutual interest does not often translate into mutual benefits. This, I will argue, is the primary limit of (neo)liberal order. Governance without government refers to Kenneth Waltz's third image - the condition where there is no arbiter to ensure that there is real as opposed to imagined conformity to rules, principles, or norms of behaviour. This has implications for international hierarchy as well. For the purpose of this discussion, organizations, institutions, and regimes, all with normative underpinnings, will be used interchangeably. And liberal here encompasses regime theory, (neo)liberal institutionalism, and the English school, as well as aspects of constructivism - especially those constructivists who share the ontology of socially constructed global order (such as Alexander Wendt, John Ruggie, Martha Finnemore, and Kathryn Sikkink). This conglomeration of theories can be problematic but for analytical purposes I insist and will show that all of these theories share common ground. I shall use the European Union to buttress the statist critique and the United Nations global compact to illuminate the ethical challenge of order.THE LIBERAL CONCEPTION OF WORLD ORDERIn terms of general conception, Bull defines order as a pattern of activity that sustains the elementary or primary goals ofthe society of states or system.3 These are elementary and universal goals that most theorists will name as security against violence, keeping promises, or carrying out agreements, and stability in the possession of things (property).A central feature of (neo)liberal institutionalism is the idea of complex/ global interdependence - relative consensus deriving from mutual or shared interests. The perception is that even though states may sometimes form interdependencies, they do not control the outcomes as the regime is endowed with kind of invisible hand to steer affairs and ensure that all interests and concerns are considered. …

As information technology has advanced, the popularity of online travel agencies (OTAs) has grown dramatically. Here, we describe a comprehensive model that captures the impacts of relationship-related characteristics on the behaviour of OTA customers. We conducted an analysis based on a survey of 302 OTA platform customers using partial least squares structural equations. Our results demonstrate the relative impacts of relationship attributes (economic exchange, social exchange, mutual interest, and social interest) on satisfaction and consumer trust. Economic exchange and mutual interest are critical to improving both satisfaction and trust, which can lead to OTA loyalty. Multigroup analysis reveals that the impact of economic exchange on trust is significant only among customers of corporate OTAs, whereas the impact of mutual interest is greater among those using independent OTAs. Women and younger customers prioritise economic and social exchanges, while men and older customers focus on self-interest and mutual interests. This study expands our understanding of relationship characteristics and can help OTAs develop targeted strategies based on differences in demographics and business models.

Background: RSUD Nganjuk is a type B hospital. Patient care in RSUD Nganjuk inpatient unit is done by group of specialists from different disciplines, general practitioners, nurses, and other health personnel. But there are still many obstacles that occur in collaborative practice. Physician-Nurse interactions affect the quality of collaboration practices and physician’s job satisfaction.
 Method: The study is a quantitative study with cross sectional approach. Populations consisted of all physicians in RSUD Nganjuk. The sampling method used in this study is total sampling. There are 18 respondents. Analysis of the data using multiple linear regression statistical test.
 Result and Discussion: The result of this study showed the value of F calculating (7,75) > t table value (4,221), and probability value was 0,02. That’s means that the physician-nurse collaboration significantly influences physician’s job satisfaction. Regression equivalent showed: Y = 0,267 X1 + 0,078 X2 + 0,452 X3 + 0,470 X3.Whereas determinant coefficient 0,614. This implied that physician-nurse collaboration simultaneously influence as much as 61,4% to physician’s job satisfaction. Physician-nurse collaboration variable practice that influence physician’s job satisfaction is mutual interest (p=0,03) The other factor: communication (p=0,17), scope of practice (p=0,77), and common goal (p=0,05) has not yet been influence in physician’s job satisfaction.
 Conclusion: There was a significant influence among the collaboration variable practice consisting of communication (X1), the scope of practice (X2), mutual interests (X3), and a common goal (X4) simultaneously on physician’s job satisfaction at the inpatient unit of RSUD Nganjuk. The most influential factor is the common goal.

This paper extends research originally concerned with the life, death, and safety decisions of an individual [1,2,3,4,5] to the case of a couple, two people who have a mutual interest in each other’s well-being. The original work showed how the question of placing a value on life was improperly framed. The inadequacy of the frame appears when we observe that few, if any, people would exchange their lives for any sum of money. We shall begin with a review of the case for the individual, and then extend it to the case of a couple. As we shall see, analyzing the case of a couple introduces several factors unique to that case, including the issue of how to combine both individual and mutual interests.

On the example of Siberia, the article addresses the problems of organizing the introduction of scientific recommendations in agricultural production in the USSR in the 1980s. The failure of directive methods of introduction and the weak influence of agrarian science on the state of affairs in agricultural production were the reason for active searches for the most effective scientific and innovative forms. It was also considered necessary to bring the implementation process out of the influence of bureaucratic administrative and departmental structures. In the 1980s, scientific production associations, established on the basis of leading agrarian scientific research institutes, were widely spread in the Siberian region. The associations included scientific, engineering and production structures, which allowed accelerating development and bringing scientific recommendations to production to a new target level. Thanks to such recommendations, attempts were made to introduce intensive spring wheat cultivation technologies into a wide production practice in Siberia. However, the resistance of officials from agricultural agencies that focused on the gross quantitative indices of the branch’s development, as well as the indifferent attitude to the science of agricultural practitioners, clearly revealed the limited possibilities of scientific production associations as implementation centers. It became obvious that, in order to have production workers use scientific recommendations, more flexible management decisions, more effective scientific and innovative structures based on mutual interest of scientists and production workers in achieving a high final result, were required. Such structures were scientific production systems. The “head organizations” in scientific production systems were agrarian research institutes, universities, experimental stations. Scientific institutions and agricultural enterprises that became parts of scientific production systems maintained economic independence, and their relations were built on a contract basis, on the mutual interests and economic benefits of the participants. Scientists considered scientific production associations and scientific production systems as effective scientific and innovative forms, through which it was possible to significantly increase the level of scientific support of production in a short time. However, according to the author, the remaining administrative restrictions and the growing destructive processes in the country did not allow taking advantage of these promising innovative structures.

Based on various sources, this article attempts to determine the scope and nature of the relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Secret Chancellery during the reforms of Peter I. The chronological framework of the period under study is limited to 1718–1725. It should be noted that the number of works on this topic is rather small. The article dwells on the various aspects and forms of the relationship between the penal body and the Church as a whole. The starting point is the case of Tsarevich Alexei, which exposed the dissatisfaction of the clergy with the reforms of Peter I and initiated the strengthening of punitive policies, involving the tools of the Church. According to the author, the established relationship between the Church and the Secret Chancellery cannot be called sporadic, since there had been a certain unity of mutual interests between the parties. It is emphasized that contradictions had been accumulating between them, related to the violation of the secrecy of confession, lack of legal regulation of official relations, and structural vagueness of the institutions of the Most Holy Synod that had contacts with the Secret Chancellery. Nevertheless, in practice there had been developed a certain procedure for coordinating various issues, which both sides refrained from violating. Further, the author analyses the case of Tsarevich Alexei and the role of the first chief procurators of the Most Holy Synod in the context of the development of the relationship between the Church and the Secret Chancellery. Further, the article indicates the reasons for not only mutual interest, but also the subsequent crisis in their relationship that occurred in 1725. The author concludes that the relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Secret Chancellery was in line with the policy of forming a police state.

Lorenz von Stein es un filósofo y jurista alemán, tradicionalmente citado como uno de los precursores del Estado Social. Sin embargo, ha sido poco estudiado en los ámbitos hispano y angloparlante. Con base en una lectura concreta del libro Movimientos sociales y monarquía, el propósito de este trabajo es argumentar cómo, ante las dificultades históricas a las que se enfrenta la monarquía, con la construcción práctica de una República del interés recíproco, Von Stein distingue una nueva dimensión del derecho social que Gurvitch no tuvo en cuenta. A partir las ideas de solidaridad e intereses recíprocos, Von Stein construye una nueva dimensión del derecho social, que se transforma, ya no a partir del Estado, sino del movimiento mismo de la sociedad y los intereses de clase.

This article examines Czech-Russian cultural ties in the second half of the 19th century within the context of shifting mutual interests and the strengthening of Czech national identity. Special attention is given to the motivations behind scientific and cultural cooperation from both the Russian and Czech perspectives. The study aims to identify patterns of cultural and academic exchange between the two nations, as well as to trace the evolution of Czech perceptions of Russian culture and the attitudes of Russian intellectuals toward Czech contacts amid political and social changes. The analysis reveals the reasons behind the parties' abandonment of a romanticized and idealized view of mutual dialogue in favor of more rigorous academic collaboration. Additionally, the article highlights the achievements resulting from the interactions between Czech and Russian cultural figures during this period. The research is based on a comparative analysis of historical sources, scholarly works, and publications related to Czech-Russian relations from the given era. A qualitative approach was employed in studying archival materials, including correspondence between cultural figures, as well as content analysis of periodicals reflecting the dynamics of cultural interaction. For the first time, this study meticulously traces the transformation of Czech-Russian interaction—from a romanticized perception of Slavic reciprocity to pragmatic cooperation emphasizing the autonomous development of cultures. New aspects of the influence of Russian reforms in the 1860s–1870s on the growing interest in Czech culture are revealed. The analysis highlights both the distinctions between Czech and Russian cultures and the areas of mutual interest where cultural figures achieved significant results. Many Russian cultural and public figures, leveraging their extensive networks and high standing in Czech society, actively contributed to preserving, strengthening, and developing ties between the Czech and Russian intellectual communities. It is also noted that Czech migrants living in Russia made substantial contributions to the development of economics, science, and culture. Meanwhile, Russian figures, drawing on their broad connections and authority in Czech society, played a key role in promoting knowledge of Slavic history—and Russian history in particular—within Czech intellectual circles.

Currently, relations between Russia and Italy are experiencing another period of cooling, which hinders interaction at the level of governmental structures. Therefore, it is relevant to study the topic of establishing intercultural dialogue aimed at the prospect of implementing a positive scenario for establishing relations in the future. Of particular interest are the tools used for similar purposes in previous eras. The article covers one such tool — the visit to Italy in early 1908 of a separate detachment of ships assigned to carry midshipmen on a training voyage. It was the second voyage, organized by the Russian Navy Department for such purposes. This is a little-studied topic and the aim of the study is to assess the role of the visit of this detachment in the establishment of relations between Russia and Italy. The objectives of the study are, including on the basis of previously unstudied documents; 1) to describe the key issues of interaction between the two countries at the beginning of the 20th century and look into the historical and cultural background of the visit; 2) to highlight and analyze the communicative aspect of the process of maintaining mutual interests during the visit; 3) to supplement the existing information on the mutual assessments of representatives of Russia and Italy that developed during and as a result of the visit. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of historicism, it was conducted using historical-genetic and historical-systemic methods. The materials of the study were historical documents, including a number of fragments of official documents and memoirs stored in the Russian State Archive of the Navy and the Russian State Historical Archive, as well as one published source. The combination of historical sources of official and personal origin made it possible to look at the visit from different angles. As a result of the conducted research, a conclusion was made about the ambivalent nature of the intercultural interaction that took place during this meeting: its consequences were not of a breakthrough nature, but at the same time they provided the very possibility of future interaction. It is shown that the historical and cultural background of the visit was dual: from an economic and political point of view, there was mutual interest, but this was not the interest of partners, but rather the interest of not unfriendly players, whose mutual benefit did not yet outweigh mutual distrust. An analysis of the communicative component of interaction during the visit showed a pronounced diplomatic interest in maintaining “contact for the sake of contact,” ensured by the efforts of official representatives of the parties. At the same time, the semi-official and unofficial parts of the visit were significantly friendlier and relied heavily on cultural ties of the past. Based on the report of the detachment commander, Rear Admiral A. A. Eberhard, written following communication with the Italian royal family and representatives of the country's elite, it was concluded that both in government circles and in public opinion in the country, a wary attitude towards Russia prevailed. The Rear Admiral believed that the friendly reception at all levels demonstrated that the Italian authorities were committed to further developing contacts. At the same time, an analysis of the memoirs of two midshipmen on the ships of the detachment showed that there were no communication difficulties at their level. The detachment's diplomatic mission was overshadowed by the events of late 1908, related to the assistance of Russian ships to those affected by the earthquake in Messina. It turned out to be a kind of touchstone in establishing relations between the two countries. Through the analysis of previously unpublished documents, it was revealed that the specificity of the position of the military leadership of the detachment consisted in understanding the difficulties of refraction of positive personal contacts into promising political projects. At the same time, the efforts and attention of both sides were directed at maintaining communication as a condition for further interaction between representatives of the two cultures, which in itself turned out to be productive, despite the difficult political conditions.

As content that users access on their mobile devices becomes bulkier, opportunistic networking is becoming a potential complement to centralised and infrastructure based downloads. We study how users share items of mutual interest with each other with a simple model based on a `networked urn process'. We investigate the effect of different content sharing policies upon a multi-category set of items. We find that the process of sharing mutual interests inherently disproportionately reinforces category replication disparity, i.e., the most popular categories become proportionally even more numerous. These findings uncover a major hurdle in the creation of automatic opportunistic file sharing between users. Even if users altruistically sacrifice battery power and network resources to share content not relevant to them, overall, the system may not be able to fairly distribute items that belong to niche categories.

The article deals with topical issues in international relations of the Russian Federation on the basis of the increased use of the ruble as the currency contracts and payments. The work shows the coordinated support of economic actors, public institutions of countries-partners. Collaborate with international teams, according to the author of the article, the implementation of economic programs of mutual interest and reinforces the trend of creating a multipolar world. The analysis of problems of development cooperation partners countries in the monetary sphere and shows that the main causes hindering greater use of domestic currencies are: hard currency regulation; a rare use of letters of credit and guarantees, which increases the financial risk operations; significant transaction costs; asymmetrical measures, currency regulation, burdening the mutual interests of the parties. To expand the use of the ruble in international relations author offers take into account a number of factors, including the need for a priority international currency contracts to perform the basic functions of money abroad is a measure of the value, means of payment and means of hoarding. The author's position is presented about the prospects of State institutional policy. In particular, the conclusion: the experience of Bulgaria, Romania, Albania has shown that the main task of the departments responsible for implementing the monetary policy should be the containment of inflationary pressures associated, including overdue contributions to the budget. A key priority in such circumstances is to support solvent and transparent banking systems, which are the basis for international cooperation.

China and the United States (US) are facing a serious test, and risk the loss of strategic mutual trust as they strive to build an open Sino-U.S. relationship. The instability of bilateral relations leads to the loss of mutual interest. The two countries should abide by a new strategic approach, namely, that Sino-U.S. relations are by nature a relationship based on mutual benefit and win-win results. They should confront the difficulties and hurdles ahead and work to cast aside old ideas that negatively impact mutual interests. Economic and trade cooperation, which is at the core of Sino-U.S. relations forms an important pillar and anchors its strategic cooperation efforts. The two countries should cultivate and build the four major foundations of bilateral economic and trade cooperation from a strategic perspective. This includes free trade, mutual benefit and win-win results, a balanced economic structure, as well as equality and fairness. Keywords: China; free trade; Sino-U.S. relations; United States (US); win-win results

The Russian Republic has an arctic zone of 2.5 million sq. km, including vast territories to the north of the Arctic Circle, the seas of the Arctic Ocean and many archipelagoes. Russian arctic research dates back to the 18th century and today is more important than ever, covering a broad spectrum of activities in the physical and biological sciences, economics, political science, defense and external affairs and involving the participation of many institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Their primary immediate concerns are 1) the existence of rich natural resources and their importance in the developing market economy; 2) ecological problems; 3) national security; and 4) establishing domestic legislation and international agreements to regulate development in the Arctic. ... The Russian Academy of Sciences has created a special program to study the economic and social problems of all of Russian, and within this program there is a focus on the arctic and northern regions. ... In 1991 a joint interagency program called "the Arctic" was started. This program, involving the participation of 140 different research bodies in 17 departments, covers the priority directions in basic and applied sciences. The Arctic Research Center leads the research on economic and social problems within this "Arctic" program, collaborating with more than 35 institutes in working on the concept of arctic development. I would like to stress that practically all research is done in the framework of academic, regional, republic, federal and international programs. ... It is obvious that Russian cooperation with other countries should not be confined to bilateral government agreements, but should also involve researchers, institutes and universities in each country. Such cooperation will promote scientific links and joint research projects on the problems related to the Arctic and the North. To further such international cooperation, it is useful to have exchanges of information, publications and experts themselves and to engage in concrete joint projects. Among the areas of mutual interest are: 1) monitoring the environment, ecology and meteorology of the Arctic, including dealing with the problem of radioactive waste; 2) studying the dynamics of the ecosystems and forecasting the course of natural processes near islands and the coastal arctic shelf; 3) studying the geology of the Arctic Ocean basin and its environs, as well as the geology of particular arctic regions, doing a comparative study of their mineral resources; 4) developing facilities, hardware and expertise suitable for arctic research; 5) developing technology and expertise for geophysical exploration in an ice-covered environment; 6) undertaking economic development and rational management of natural resources; 7) analyzing the socio-economic implications of arctic exploration; 8) facilitating the socio-economic development of native peoples; and 9) conducting comprehensive medical and ecological studies of human adaptation to arctic conditions. Russian scientists hope that through international cooperation we will strengthen our mutual interests in arctic research and development.

Adult learning is a complex phenomenon that takes place over an adult’s lifetime and is not limited to a particular age. It includes a set of activities to enhance life through improving skills, knowledge and capabilities. The foundational theories of adult learning, such as andragogy theory, place the individual adult centre stage and differentiate adult learning from formal learning. They also shift the focus from the individuals to the environment in which adult learning takes place. In line with this movement, online communities of practice (OCOPs) have evolved from being considered as online environments for learning to specialised forums that allow practitioners to collaborate around a project of mutual interest. The principles of adult learning are directly applicable to engagement in OCOPs because they include practical methods founded on the belief that adults are self-directed, autonomous learners and that learning is most effective when the environment plays the role of a facilitator, rather than being just a supportive and traditional setting for learning. However, how individual adults engage in OCOPs and benefit from them is not well understood. This paper draws on social cognitive theory to examine: how environmental, personal and behavioural factors shape engagement in OCOPs. To answer this question, twenty-one interviews were conducted with members of GitHub, a large online community of practice for IT professionals. The findings revealed that adults’ engagement in OCOPs involves project-based activities on mutual interests and willingness to help others. The findings also show that engaging in online communities does not only satisfy intrinsic, well-defined, expected outcomes and shape adults’ engagement, but also has an impact on adults’ lifelong learning achievements, such as professional experience and credit recognition. Based on these findings, a revised framework for adults’ engagement in OCOPs is presented and discussed.