Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of engineered chemicals that have been widely used in industrial production. PFAS have drawn increasing attention due to their frequent occurrence in the aquatic environment and their toxicity to animals and humans. Developing effective and efficient detection and remediation methods for PFAS in aquatic systems is critical to mitigate ongoing exposure and promote water reuse. Adsorption-based removal is the most common method for PFAS remediation since it avoids hazardous byproducts; in situ sensing technology is a promising approach for PFAS monitoring due to its fast response, easy operation, and portability. This review summarizes current materials and devices that have been demonstrated for PFAS adsorption and sensing. Selectivity, the key factor underlying both sensor and sorbent performance, is discussed by exploring the interactions between PFAS and various probes. Examples of selective probes will be presented and classified by fluorinated groups, cationic groups, and cavitary groups, and their synergistic effects will also be analyzed. This review aims to provide guidance and implication for future material design toward more selective and effective PFAS sensors and sorbents.
Highlights
Over the past few years, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have rapidly attracted attention as an emerging threat to both our environment and human health
The results showed that removal of long-chain PFAS was marginally influenced by increasing background anion concentrations (i.e., Cl−, NO3−, SO42−), whereas the adsorption of short-chain PFAS significantly decreased with increasing anion concentrations
APTEMS/ODS ratio but rather was stable after it reached a maximum performance at 2:3. These results indicated that hydrophobic interactions dominated for adsorption of longchain PFAS, whereas ionic interactions were more important for PFAS with shorter chains
Summary
Over the past few years, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have rapidly attracted attention as an emerging threat to both our environment and human health. 2020, Andrews et al from the Environmental Working Group (EWG) analyzed publicly available data sources of PFAS occurrence in drinking water in the United States (Figure 2d) They estimated that over 200 million people may receive tap water with a combined PFOA and PFOS concentration at or above 1 ng/L; 18−80 million people may receive more than 10 ng/L; and 0.4−1 million people likely drink tap water having more than 70 ng/L of PFOA and PFOS.[22] Facing the wide occurrence of PFAS in our water systems and their potential toxicity to humans and the environment, there is an urgent research need to develop effective and efficient methods to both detect PFAS concentrations and remove these substances from our aqueous systems. Future directions for developing a more selective and effective PFAS sorbent and sensor will be discussed
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