Selective Modulation of NIH3T3 Fibroblast Proliferation by Static Magnetic Fields: A Time-Resolved Quantitative Analysis

Objective To evaluate the effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs) of different intensity and exposure duration on the proliferation and apoptosis of human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVECs),and their release of nitric oxide (NO),6-keto-prostacyclin 1α (6-keto-PGF1α) and endothelin (ET-1).Methods Cultured HUVECs were exposed to a SMF at 5,22,86 or 135 mT for 8,12 or 24 hours.Their proliferation and apoptosis were monitored by flow cytometry (FCM).The medium was collected to test its NO content by optical density.ET-1 and 6-keto-PGF1α were measured by radioimmunization.Results ( 1 ) The proliferation of HUVECs increased when the cells were exposed to a SMF at 5 mT for 8 h,but a SMF at 135 mT for 12 h or 24 h inhibited the proliferation of HUVECs.(2)An SMF had no effect on apoptosis of HUVECs.(3)An SMF at 5 mT for 8 h increased the release of NO and 6-keto-PGF1 a,but the release of NO and 6-keto-PGF1 a decreased when the SMF intensity was 135 mT or the cells were exposed to an SMF for 12 h or 24 h.(4) An SMF at 5 mT or 22 mT for 8 h did not effect the release of ET-1.An SMF at 86 mT or 135 mT increased the release of ET-1.Compared with a control group,an SMF at 5 mT for 12 or 24 h did not affect the release of ET1,but at 22,80 or 135 mT,the release of ET-1 decreased significantly.Conclusions Exposure to a low intensity SMF for a short duration could improve the proliferation of HUVECs and increase the release of vasoactive factors,but if HUVECs are exposed to a strong SMF or exposed for a long duration,the proliferation and the release of vasoactive factors is decreased. Key words: Static magnetic fields; Endothelial cells; Nitric oxide; Endothelin-1; 6-keto-prostacyclin 1 α

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of static magnetic field (SMF) and nanoparticles (NPs) on the vitrification of cumulus-oocyte-complex (COC). To this end, the non-vitrified (nVit) and vitrified groups (Vit) that contain NPs, with or without SMF were labeled nVit_NPs, nVit_NPs_SMF, Vit_NPs, and Vit_NPs_SMF, respectively. The non-toxic dosages of NPs were first determined to be 0.008% w/v. The survival, apoptosis, and necrosis, mitochondrial activity, fertilization rate, subsequent-derived embryo development, and gene expressions were examined. The viability rates obtained by trypan blue and Anx-PI staining were meaningfully smaller in the Vit groups, compared to the nVit groups. The JC1 red/green signal ratios were reduced considerably in the Vit group, compared to the nVit. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to assess the entry of the NPs into the oocytes. TEM images showed that NPs were present in nVit_NPs, and Vit_NPs. Thereafter, the effects of NPs and SMF on in vitro fertilization (IVF) were examined. The difference in blastocyst rates between nVit and Vit_NPs_SMF groups was significant. Finally, Nanog, Cdx2, Oct4, and Sox2 genes were evaluated. There were substantial differences in Cdx2 gene expressions between the Vit_NPs and nVit groups. The expression of Nanog in Vit was significantly higher than those of the Vit_NPs, Vit_NPs_SMF, and nVit groups. The data presented here provide deeper insight into the application of iron oxide nanoparticles in COC vitrification. It appears that using SMF and supplemented CPA by NPs inhibits cryoinjury and promote the embryo development capacity of vitrified-warmed COCs.

The effect of static transverse magnetic field on the microstructure of IN 713C nickel-based superalloy treated by laser remelting (LR) has been investigated. Dendrite microstructure’s transition from cellular to dendritic was observed with the application of a 0.45 T static transverse magnetic field during LR. The white streak structures resulting from thermal stress in the molten pool was found to disappear for the sample treated under magnetic field. The Hartman number (Ha) was calculated and found to be larger than 10, indicating that the damping effect of the static magnetic field on the melt flow was found to be dominant in the present situation. The slowed melt flow is beneficial to the dendritic growth, which may be attributed to the cell-to-dendrite transition during LR. The thermoelectric magnetic force (TEMF) acting on the dendrites was found to destabilize the solid/liquid interface and thus enhance dendritic growth during LR under the magnetic field as well. The EBSD analysis shows that new grains formed in the remelting region when the static magnetic field was applied. The TEMF was calculated to be as high as 1.12 × 106 N/m3, which is capable of fragmentting the dendrite arms and leading to the formation of new grains during LR.

Diabetes, a metabolic chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, has dire consequences for health and well-being if left uncontrolled. In recent years, there are some studies about the effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs) on diabetes and its complications, but the reported effects are highly inconsistent, especially for glycemia levels. The aim of this chapter is to compare and analyze reported effects of multiple parameter SMFs on glycemia and insulin levels, as well as diabetic complications. It is interesting that although the reported effects of SMFs on glycemia and insulin levels are variable due to the differences in SMF parameters and experimental subjects, SMFs have consistently shown beneficial effects on diabetic complications including wound healing. Mechanistic studies indicate that SMFs may play an important role in insulin secretion by affecting membrane proteins, hormone levels, and reactive oxygen species. This not only contributes to a better understanding of SMF effects on diabetes and its complications, but also lays the foundation for more systematic and in-depth studies to develop potential applications of SMFs in the clinical setting of diabetes in the future.KeywordsMagnetic field (MF)Static magnetic field (SMF)GlycemiaInsulinDiabetesDiabetic complicationsMechanisms

Recent advances in superconducting magnet for medical equipments and for magnetic levitation gave rise to the importance of understanding biological effects of strong static magnetic fields. While the effects of pulsed or time-varying magnetic fields on the nervous system are relatively clear, the effects of static magnetic fields on the nervous system largely remain to be understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of strong static magnetic fields of up to 8 T on action potentials of the rat sciatic nerve. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with ether and urethane. A skin incision was made on the left hindlimb, and the muscle was separated to expose the sciatic nerve. A pair of platinum needle electrodes was inserted beneath the skin of the heel for applying electrical stimulations. The action potentials were recorded under static magnetic fields of 0 T, 2 T, 4 T, 6 T, and 8 T. The signal-to-noise ratio was improved by averaging 10 repetitive recordings. Results indicated that the exposure to strong static magnetic fields enhanced excitation of the rat sciatic nerve. Expected mechanisms for the enhancement of nerve excitation were structural changes in ion channels due to magnetic force, and Lorentz force acting on migrating ions.

There is considerable interest in the development of marine and hydrokinetic energy projects in rivers, estuaries, and coastal ocean waters of the United States. Hydrokinetic (HK) technologies convert the energy of moving water in river or tidal currents into electricity, without the impacts of dams and impoundments associated with conventional hydropower or the extraction and combustion of fossil fuels. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) maintains a database that displays the geographical distribution of proposed HK projects in inland and tidal waters (FERC 2012). As of March 2012, 77 preliminary permits had been issued to private developers to study HK projects in inland waters, the development of which would total over 8,000 MW. Most of these projects are proposed for the lower Mississippi River. In addition, the issuance of another 27 preliminary permits for HK projects in inland waters, and 3 preliminary permits for HK tidal projects (totaling over 3,100 MW) were under consideration by FERC. Although numerous HK designs are under development (see DOE 2009 for a description of the technologies and their potential environmental effects), the most commonly proposed projects entail arrays of rotating devices, much like submerged wind turbines, that are positioned in the high-velocity (high energy) river channels. The many diverse HK designs imply a diversity of environmental impacts, but a potential impact common to most is the effect on aquatic organisms of electromagnetic fields (EMF) created by the projects. The submerged electrical generator will emit an EMF into the surrounding water, as will underwater cables used to transmit electricity from the generator to the shore, between individual units in an array (inter-turbine cables), and between the array and a submerged step-up transformer. The electric current moving through these cables will induce magnetic fields in the immediate vicinity, which may affect the behavior or viability of fish and benthic invertebrates (Gill et al. 2005, 2009). It is known that numerous marine and freshwater organisms are sensitive to electrical and magnetic fields, often depending on them for such diverse activities as prey location and navigation (DOE 2009; Normandeau et al. 2011). Despite the wide range of aquatic organisms that are sensitive to EMF and the increasing numbers of underwater electrical transmitting cables being installed in rivers and coastal waters, little information is available to assess whether animals will be attracted, repelled, or unaffected by these new sources of EMF. This knowledge gap is especially significant for freshwater systems, where electrosensitive organisms such as paddlefish and sturgeon may interact with electrical transmission cables. We carried out a series of laboratory experiments to test the sensitivity of freshwater fish and invertebrates to the levels of EMF that are expected to be produced by HK projects in rivers. In this context, EM fields are likely to be emitted primarily by generators in the water column and by transmission cables on or buried in the substrate. The HK units will be located in areas of high-velocity waters that are used as only temporary habitats for most riverine species, so long-term exposure of fish and benthic invertebrates to EMF is unlikely. Rather, most aquatic organisms will be briefly exposed to the fields as they drift downstream or migrate upstream. Because the exposure of most aquatic organisms to EMF in a river would be relatively brief and non-lethal, we focused our investigations on detecting behavioral effects. For example, attraction to the EM fields could result in prolonged exposures to the fields or the HK rotor. On the other hand, avoidance reactions might hinder upstream migrations of fish. The experiments reported here are a continuation of studies begun in FY 2010, which focused on the potential effects of static magnetic fields on snails, clams, and fathead minnows (Cada et al. 2011). Those experiments found little indication that the behaviors of these freshwater species were altered by the static magnetic fields that would be created by submerged, direct current (DC)-transmitting electrical cables expected to be used by the HK developers. Laboratory experiments in FY 2011 examined the responses of additional fish species (sunfish, striped bass, and channel catfish) to the static magnetic fields. In addition, the effects of variable magnetic fields (that would be created by the HK generators and AC-transmitting cables) on swimming behavior of two electrosensitive fish species (paddlefish and lake sturgeon) were studied.

Background: Expansion of the use of magnetic fields in metals, mining, transport, research, and medicine industries has led to a discussion about the effects of magnetic fields and whether their strength is negligible. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of magnetic field on the viability and proliferation rate of HeLa cells. Materials and Methods: We studied the effects of magnetic field on the viability, proliferation rate and membrane lipid peroxidation of cells, thus, HeLa cells (cancer cells) and human fibroblast cells (normal cells) were used. Initially, the cells were cultured in DMEM and to determine the impact of the magnetic field, the cells were treated with magnetic field at 4 specific intensity levels (0, 7, 14 and 21 mT) and 2 exposure times (24 h and 48 h). The viability percentage and inhibition of cell proliferation were calculated by MTT assay and Trypan blue staining, respectively. Results: Lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane was examined by malondialdehyde (MDA) method. As the intensity and exposure time of the static magnetic field (SMF) increased, the viability percentage and proliferation rate decreased and the lipid peroxidation levels increased in the Hela cells. Conclusion: In this study, we have shown the anticancer effects of static magnetic field and propose a suitable intensity range that can be effective for the treatment of cancer.

Event Abstract Back to Event Effect of static magnetic field on pollen-induced allergic airway inflammation in a murine model Aniko Csillag1, Brahma V. Kumar1, Krisztina Szabo1, Kitti Pazmandi1, Eva Rajnavolgyi1, Janos Laszlo2 and Attila Bacsi1* 1 University of Debrecen, Department of Immunology, Hungary 2 University of Debrecen, Department of Computer Science, Hungary It has been demonstrated that pollen NAD(P)H oxidases generate oxidative stress in the airway epithelium and this immediate oxidative insult is crucial for the development of allergen-driven airway inflammation. In this study we aimed to define the effect of inhomogeneous static magnetic field (iSMF) on pollen-induced allergic airway inflammation since several lines of evidence suggest that iSMF is able to trigger biological responses at least partly through free radical reactions. BALB/c mice were sensitized by two intraperitoneal injection of ragweed pollen extract (RWE) and challenged with RWE intranasally. Inflammation was evaluated by determining inflammatory cell accumulation and mucin levels, as well as histological analysis of the airways. iSMF was generated with an apparatus optimized to small experimental animals. We found that iSMF did not affect the sensitization phase of the allergic responses; however, even a single 30-min exposure to iSMF after i.n. RWE challenge was able to reduce the airway inflammation. In addition, prolonged exposure to iSMF after RWE challenge decreased more effectively the severity of inflammation. In animals exposed to iSMF immediately after challenge, RWE induced a lower increase in the total antioxidant capacity of the airways suggesting that effects of iSMF on allergic inflammation were mediated at least partly by modulation of ROS levels. These data indicate that iSMF is able to reduce the inflammation in an in vivo system, despite the fact that it does not interfere with ROS-production of RWE NAD(P)H oxidases directly in cell free conditions. Grants: TAMOP 4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0023, Janos Bolyai Fellowship, Bridging Fund 2012 Keywords: Oxidative Stress, static magnetic field, pollen allergy, Allergic Airway Inflammation, mouse model Conference: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI), Milan, Italy, 22 Aug - 27 Aug, 2013. Presentation Type: Abstract Topic: Immune-mediated disease pathogenesis Citation: Csillag A, Kumar BV, Szabo K, Pazmandi K, Rajnavolgyi E, Laszlo J and Bacsi A (2013). Effect of static magnetic field on pollen-induced allergic airway inflammation in a murine model. Front. Immunol. Conference Abstract: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI). doi: 10.3389/conf.fimmu.2013.02.00255 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 13 Mar 2013; Published Online: 22 Aug 2013. * Correspondence: Dr. Attila Bacsi, University of Debrecen, Department of Immunology, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary, bacsi.attila@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Aniko Csillag Brahma V Kumar Krisztina Szabo Kitti Pazmandi Eva Rajnavolgyi Janos Laszlo Attila Bacsi Google Aniko Csillag Brahma V Kumar Krisztina Szabo Kitti Pazmandi Eva Rajnavolgyi Janos Laszlo Attila Bacsi Google Scholar Aniko Csillag Brahma V Kumar Krisztina Szabo Kitti Pazmandi Eva Rajnavolgyi Janos Laszlo Attila Bacsi PubMed Aniko Csillag Brahma V Kumar Krisztina Szabo Kitti Pazmandi Eva Rajnavolgyi Janos Laszlo Attila Bacsi Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Aim: To study the effects of static magnetic fields (SMF) on the electrophysiological properties of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels on trigeminal ganglion (TRG) neurons. Methods: Acutely dissociated TRG neurons of neonatal SD rats were exposed to 125-mT and 12.5-mT SMF in exposure devices and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were carried out to observe the changes of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) and calcium channels (VGCC) currents, while laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to detect intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in TRG neurons, respectively. Results: (1) No obvious change of current–voltage (I–V) relationship and the peak current densities of VGSC and VGCC currents were found when TRG neurons were exposed to 125-mT and 12.5-mT SMF. However, the activation threshold, inactivation threshold and velocity of the channel currents above were significantly altered by 125-mT and 12.5-mT SMF. (2) The fluctuation of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration within TRG neurons were slowed by 125-mT and 12.5-mT SMF. When SMF was removed, the Ca2+ concentration level showed partial recovery in the TRG neurons previously exposed by 125-mT SMF, while there was a full recovery found in 12.5-mT-SMF-exposed neurons. Conclusions: Moderate-intensity SMF could affect the electrophysiological characteristics of VGCS and VGCC by altering their activation and inactivation threshold and velocity. The fluctuations of intracellular free Ca2+ caused by SMF exposure were not permanent in TRG neurons.

Rapporteur report: Cellular, animal and epidemiological studies of the effects of static magnetic fields relevant to human health

Neuroprotective effect of weak static magnetic fields in primary neuronal cultures

1–2 ​T static magnetic field combined with Ferumoxytol prevent unloading-induced bone loss by regulating iron metabolism in osteoclastogenesis

The cytoskeleton includes microtubules, actin filaments (also called microfilaments) and intermediate filaments, which play vital roles in maintaining cell morphology, intracellular transport and cell migration. They are involved in several physiological and pathological processes, such as the development and oncogenesis. Here in this review, we focus on summarizing the known effects of static magnetic fields on eukaryotic cytoskeleton, including microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments. Since 1970s and 1980s, a series of progresses about the effects of static magnetic fields on eukaryotic cytoskeleton have been made both theoretically and experimentally. Theoretically, researchers have calculated the diamagnetic anisotropy of peptide bonds, which is relatively weak but could be amplified by highly ordered and organized structures, such as alpha helix and beta sheet in proteins. The diamagnetic anisotropy can be further amplified by highly ordered polymer structures such as microtubules. Experimentally, the orientation of purified microtubule and microfilament, as well as the cellular microtubule and microfilament changes that were induced by static magnetic fields has all been reported by multiple studies. For microtubules, it was shown that a 0.02 T static magnetic field was able to align the purified microtubule polymers in parallel with the magnetic field direction. The degree of purified microtubule polymer orientation changes is directly correlated with the magnetic field intensity. Moreover, there were also studies about the microtubule related cellular structures, such as mitotic spindles, sperm tails and Paramecium cilia. The mitotic spindle orientation of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell CNE-2Z, human retinal pigment epithelial cell RPE1 and frog eggs could all be affected by high static magnetic fields in a magnetic field intensity dependent manner. However, the magnetic field-induced orientation changes in these cells are also determined by chromosome alignment as well as the spindle morphology. Moreover, the orientation and swimming behaviors of Paramecium were both affected by high static magnetic fields. For actin and actin polymers, it has been shown that 10 T static magnetic field could affect the self-assembly process of G-actin in vitro . Moreover, static magnetic fields of various intensities could also cause the microfilament distribution changes or actin alteration in some cells. For example, 80 mT static magnetic field increased the accumulation of actin and myosin and promoted the formation of large multinucleated myotubes. There were also a few studies about static magnetic fields and intermediate filaments, but the evidences are much less than that of microtubules or microfilaments. Overall, the progresses about magnetic field effects on human and animal cytoskeleton are promising but still at an initial stage. The direct effect of magnetic fields on cytoskeleton dynamics has not been investigated due to the microscopy technology limitations under magnetic conditions. More importantly, the organism complexity and the different magnetic field parameters (such as homogeneous or gradient magnetic fields, magnetic fields with different intensities, etc.) make the investigation complicated. It is very important to further explore the static magnetic fields of different parameters for their effects on various cytoskeleton, which will be critical to understand the static magnetic field effects on some physiological and pathological conditions, as well as to explore the potentials of static magnetic fields in applications such as cancer therapy.

The influence of static magnetic field on crystallization of triacylglycerols (TAGs) was investigated. Melted TAGs were solidified under static magnetic field of 5 T with a superconductive magnet system. Polymorphic behavior of TAGs was examined by temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In TMDSC experiment, saturated mono-acid TAGs (PPP and SSS) had no change in crystallization behavior under static magnetic field. Static magnetic field processing suppressed the crystallization of α form of SOS, PPO and POS. Furthermore, it suppressed the crystallization of sub-α form, α form, and β ′ form of POP. In case of SSO, the crystallization of α form and β ′ form was suppressed. On the other hand, in the XRD experiment the crystallization of α form in PPP and POP was suppressed by static magnetic field processing. PPO had no change in crystallization behavior under the static magnetic field. However, fluctuation in the ratio of the XRD peak area (wide angle region/small angle region) of α form was increased. This change suggested that the phase transition from α to β ′ form had occurred. From these results, the following can be considered as the influences of static magnetic field on crystallization of TAGs: (i) the effect of static magnetic field on crystallization of saturated mono-acid TAGs depended on the fatty acid chain length which constitutes TAG (PPP and SSS), (ii) the shorter the acyl chains of TAGs, the more sensitive to static magnetic field it was in saturated-unsaturated mixed-acid TAGs (PPO and SSO), and (iii) symmetrical type TAGs (POP and SOS) were more sensitive to static magnetic field rather than asymmetrical type of TAG (POS). It is speculated that the effect of a magnetic field on polymorphism of TAGs is due to the magnetic field gradient in a magnet and the molecular orientation caused by magnetic anisotropy of a TAG molecule. Much work is needed to clarify the mechanism of the polymorphic crystallization under static magnetic field.

Effects of a moderate-intensity static magnetic field (SMF) on the early-stage development of endothelial capillary tubule formation were examined during the initial cell growth periods using co-cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human diploid fibroblasts. The co-cultured cells within a well (16 mm in diameter) were exposed to SMF intensity up to 120 mT (Bmax) with the maximum spatial gradient of 21 mT/mm using a disc-shaped permanent magnet (16 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in height) for up to 10 days. Control exposure was performed without magnet. Some vascular endothelial cells were treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A (10 ng/ml) to promote the tubule formation every 2-3 days. Four experimental protocols were performed: (1) non-exposure (control); (2) SMF exposure alone; (3) non-exposure with VEGF-A; (4) SMF exposure with VEGF-A. Photomicrographs of tubule cells immunostained with an anti-platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1 [CD31[) antibody as a pan-endothelial marker, were analyzed after culture at 37 degrees C for 4, 7, and 10 days. The mean values of the area density and the length of tubules (related mainly to arteriogenesis) as well as the number of bifurcations (related mainly to angiogenesis) were determined as parameters of tubule formation and were compared between the groups. After a 10 day incubation, in the peripheral part of the culture wells, SMF alone significantly promoted the tubule formation in terms of the area density and the length of tubules, compared with control group. In the central part of the wells, however, SMF did not cause any significant changes in the parameters of tubule formation. After a 7 day incubation, VEGF-A significantly promoted all the parameters of tubule formation in any part of the wells, compared with control group. With regard to the synergistic effects of SMF and VEGF-A on tubule formation, after a 10 day incubation, SMF significantly promoted the VEGF-A-increased area density and length of tubules in the peripheral part of the wells, compared with the VEGF-A treatment alone. However, SMF did not induce any significant changes in the VEGF-A-increased number of bifurcations in any part of the wells. The tubule cells observed in the wells had elongated, spindle-like shapes, and the direction of cell elongation was random, irrespective of the presence and direction of SMF. These findings suggest that the application of SMF to intact or VEGF-A-stimulated vascular endothelial cells leads mainly to promote or enhance arteriogenesis in the peripheral part of the wells, where the spatial gradient increases relative to the central part. The effects of SMF on the VEGF-A-enhanced tubule formation appear to be synergistic or additive in arteriogenesis but not in angiogenesis.