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Solanum torvum has antioksidan. This study aimed to analyse cytotoxic activity and selectivity index of Solanum torvum on T47D breast cancer cells invitro. Identification of Solanum torvum fruit chemical compounds with LCMS containing Clorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-feruloyquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3,4 - O dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, putative dicaffeoylquinic lactone. Cytotoxic assays showed that the Solanum torvum Without Fermentation were IC 50 (IGT) 1111.62μg/ mL, IC 50 (MGT)1889.20μg/mL, IC 50 (EGT) 1171.90μg/mL, IC 50 (FEGT) 305.98 μg/mL. Cytotoxic assays showed that the treatment of fermentation was IC 50 (IBT) 1760.36 μg/mL, IC 50 (MBT) 1631.06 μg/mL, IC 50 (EBT) of 1111.58 μg/mL, IC 50 (FEBT) 39.17μg/mL, IC 50 (FHBT) 85.58 μg/mL. Index of selectivity (IS) Solanum torvum (without fermentation) were IS (IGT) 5.23, IS (MGT) 0.61, IS (EGT) 1.06, IS (FEGT) 1.45. Index of selectivity of Solanum torvum (fermentation treatment) were IS (IBT) 2.41, IS (MBT) 0.78, IS (EBT) 0.18, IS (FEBT) 4.64, IS (FHBT) 1.67. The best results are treatment of ethyl acetate fraction of Solanum torvum (FEBT) has IC 50 was 39.17 μg/mL and Index selectivity was 4.64, declared safe/not toxic to normal cells, thus potentially developed as T47D breast anticancer cells.

Solanum torvum has antioksidan. This study aimed to analyse cytotoxic activity and selectivity index of Solanum torvum on T47D breast cancer cells invitro. Identification of Solanum torvum fruit chemical compounds with LCMS containing Clorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-feruloyquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, putative dicaffeoylquinic lactone. Cytotoxic assays showed that the Solanum torvum Without Fermentation were IC 50 (IGT) 1111.62 μg/ mL, IC 50 (MGT) 1889.20 μg/mL, IC 50 (EGT) 1171.90 μg/mL, IC 50 (FEGT) 305.98 μg/mL. Cytotoxic assays showed thatthe treatment of fermentation was IC 50 (IBT) 1760.36 μg/mL, IC 50 (MBT) 1631.06 μg/mL, IC 50 (EBT) of 1111.58 μg/mL, IC 50 (FEBT) 39.17μg/mL, IC 50 (FHBT) 85.58 μg/mL. Index of selectivity (IS) Solanum torvum (without fermentation) were IS (IGT) 5.23, IS (MGT) 0.61, IS (EGT) 1.06, IS (FEGT) 1.45. Index of selectivity of Solanum torvum (fermentation treatment) were IS (IBT) 2.41, IS (MBT) 0.78, IS (EBT) 0.18, IS (FEBT) 4.64, IS (FHBT) 1.67. The best results are treatment of ethyl acetate fraction of Solanum torvum(FEBT) has IC 50 was 39.17 μg/mL and Index selectivity was 4.64, declared safe/not toxic to normal cells, thus potentially developed as T47D breast anticancer cells.

The proteinuria selectivity index (SI) is a valuable marker of glomerular permeability. Traditionally, SI has been calculated using the clearance ratio of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to transferrin-SI (Tf)-due to historical limitations in albumin measurement accuracy. However, recent advances have enabled precise quantification of albumin, raising the possibility of using an albumin-based SI-SI (Alb)-in clinical practice. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between SI (Alb) and SI (Tf) and to compare their diagnostic utility in patients with proteinuria. We retrospectively analyzed 265 patients with proteinuria > 0.15g/g·Cr who visited Ehime University Hospital between January 2014 and April 2024. SI (Alb) and SI (Tf) were calculated as the clearance ratios of IgG to albumin and IgG to transferrin, respectively. Linear regression was used to assess their correlation. Diagnostic performance for minimal change disease (MCD) in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria (≥ 3.5g/g·Cr) was evaluated using ROC curves, and AUCs were compared using DeLong's test. SI (Alb) strongly correlated with SI (Tf) in patients with proteinuria ≥ 3.5 and < 3.5g/g·Cr. Among patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria, both indices effectively identified MCD, yielding comparable areas under the ROC curve. Sensitivity and specificity at optimal thresholds were similarly high. SI (Alb) shows a high degree of concordance with SI (Tf) and offers comparable diagnostic accuracy for identifying MCD. Given its practical advantages, SI (Alb) may serve as a reliable and convenient alternative to SI (Tf) for assessing glomerular selectivity in patients with proteinuria.

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Proteinuria selectivity index based upon α2-macroglobulin or IgM is superior to the IgG based index in differentiating glomerular diseases: Technical Note

Novel halogenated arylvinyl-1,2,4 trioxanes as potent antiplasmodial as well as anticancer agents: Synthesis, bioevaluation, structure-activity relationship and in-silico studies.

Adrenal vein sampling is crucial for identifying the primary aldosteronism subtypes, but the cutoff values for ascertaining selectivity of catheterization and lateralization of aldosterone secretion remain controversial. To investigate the safety of adrenal vein sampling, the cutoff values for the selectivity and lateralization indexes, and the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation on selectivity index and lateralization index performance. We assessed the proportion of selective adrenal vein sampling at different selectivity index cutoff values in 151 consecutive patients with primary aldosteronism undergoing bilaterally simultaneous adrenal vein sampling. Aldosterone-producing adenoma was diagnosed on the basis of the evidence of primary aldosteronism and lateralized aldosterone secretion, adenoma at pathological examination, and normokalemia, and correction of primary aldosteronism and cure or improvement of hypertension at follow-up. In 44 patients with bilaterally selective adrenal vein sampling and unequivocal diagnosis of aldosterone-producing adenoma on the basis of all these criteria, we examined the cutoff values of the lateralization index for assessing the lateralization of aldosterone excess and the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation on selectivity index and lateralization index. Adrenal vein rupture occurred in one case (0.7%). Bilaterally selective adrenal vein sampling decreased steadily (from 79.9 to 40.2%) with increase in the selectivity index cutoffs from 1.1 to 5.0. Likewise, the proportion of correctly identified aldosterone-producing adenomas decreased (from 95.5 to 43.2%) with increase in lateralization index cutoffs from 1.125 to 5.0. Adrenocorticotropic hormone improved the assessment of selectivity but exerted a confounding effect on lateralization index. Adrenal vein sampling is safe; increasing the selectivity index cutoffs lowers the number of usable adrenal vein samplings; higher lateralization index cutoff values lead to missing a proportion of aldosterone-producing adenomas. The improved selectivity rate provided by adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation should be weighed against the loss of correct lateralization.

Objectives The selectivity index has been proposed in predicting the response to immunosuppressive therapy in nephrotic syndrome and other primary kidney disorders. The aim of this study was to elucidate the predictive value of the selectivity index for the treatment response and renal outcome in patients with lupus nephritis. Methods Forty-four patients with lupus nephritis with selectivity index available at the time of renal biopsy were divided into two groups according to the cut-off value of the selectivity index determined by a receiver operating characteristics curve to differentiate treatment responders from non-responders. The baseline characteristics, overall response rate and renal functional outcome were studied retrospectively, and compared between the two groups. Prognostic factors for achieving remission were identified. Results The cut-off value of the selectivity index was 0.167. The low selectivity index (<0.167) and the high selectivity index (≥0.167) group included 24 and 20 patients, respectively. The overall response rate was significantly higher (88% vs. 50%, P = 0.007) and the rate of progression to end-stage renal disease was lower in the low selectivity index group (0% vs. 15%, P = 0.049). More patients in the high selectivity index group had chronic lesions on renal biopsy ( P = 0.002). The selectivity index was the prognostic factor for achieving overall response based on a multivariate analysis ( P = 0.020). Conclusions A selectivity index ≥0.167 was a strong predictor for a poor treatment response and the presence of chronic lesions on renal biopsy. Further exploration with a larger cohort and longer follow-up period is warranted.

1. Ocimum basilicum (OB), also known as sweet basil, is a well known medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine preparations. In the present study, extracts and purified components of OB were used to identify possible antiviral activities against DNA viruses (herpes viruses (HSV), adenoviruses (ADV) and hepatitis B virus) and RNA viruses (coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) and enterovirus 71 (EV71)). 2. The results show that crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of OB and selected purified components, namely apigenin, linalool and ursolic acid, exhibit a broad spectrum of antiviral activity. Of these compounds, ursolic acid showed the strongest activity against HSV-1 (EC50 = 6.6 mg/L; selectivity index (SI) = 15.2), ADV-8 (EC50 = 4.2 mg/L; SI = 23.8), CVB1 (EC50 = 0.4 mg/L; SI = 251.3) and EV71 (EC50 = 0.5 mg/L; SI = 201), whereas apigenin showed the highest activity against HSV-2 (EC50 = 9.7 mg/L; SI = 6.2), ADV-3 (EC50 = 11.1 mg/L; SI = 5.4), hepatitis B surface antigen (EC50 = 7.1 mg/L; SI = 2.3) and hepatitis B e antigen (EC50 = 12.8 mg/L; SI = 1.3) and linalool showed strongest activity against AVD-II (EC50 = 16.9 mg/L; SI = 10.5). 3. No activity was noted for carvone, cineole, beta-caryophyllene, farnesol, fenchone, geraniol, beta-myrcene and alpha-thujone. 4. The action of ursolic acid against CVB1 and EV71 was found to occur during the infection process and the replication phase. 5. With SI values greater than 200, the potential use of ursolic acid for treating infection with CVB1 and EV71 merits further investigation.

Microalbuminuria is associated with excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Loss of glomerular charge selectivity may explain the development of microalbuminuria in diabetic subjects. The primary population in this cross-sectional study was 124 subjects aged 40 to 75 years without glucose intolerance and with a previous (3 years before the present study) urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE) in the normal (<20 microgram/min) or microalbuminuric (>20 microgram/min) range. The secondary population consisted of 39 offspring aged 15 to 40 years. The main outcome measures included UAE, urinary IgG/IgG4 selectivity index (SI), and the presence of ischemic heart disease as determined by questionnaire or ECG. Among the primary population, a significant inverse correlation was found between SI and UAE (r=-.40, P<.001). Reduction in SI could be demonstrated in subjects with UAE >10 microgram/min. In multiple regression analysis reduction in SI was found with increasing age, independent of UAE. In 20 subjects with clinical cardiovascular disease a reduction in SI was found (1.9+/-0.6 versus 2.6+/-1.3, P=.001) without concomitant elevation in UAE (P=.99). Offspring from parents with microalbuminuria had an SI comparable to offspring from parents with normal UAE (2.7+/-0.7 versus 3.3+/-1.6, P=.17). In nondiabetic subjects the development of microalbuminuria is associated with reduced SI, suggesting impairment of glomerular charge selectivity. SI may offer a more sensitive monitoring of abnormalities in glomerular permselectivity than does measurements of UAE, but the ability of SI to predict development of cardiovascular disease needs to be evaluated prospectively.

458 Background: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) are commonly used for treatment of liver tumors. The use of TACE, which is macroembolic, prior to SIRT may cause hemodynamic changes in tumor vasculature that impair yttrium-90 (90Y) microsphere delivery to the targeted lesions. This work aims to quantify dosimetric tumor coverage using positron emission tomography (PET) dosimetry after SIRT alone compared to TACE followed by SIRT. Methods: A total of 40 consecutive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) SIRT patients who had a post-SIRT PET scan were evaluated. Yttrium-90 PET scan was performed within 2 hours after completion of SIRT. 3D dose distribution of each patient was then reconstructed from the PET images. To quantify the quality of SIRT microsphere delivery, we evaluated the selectivity index (SI) defined as the ratio of the average dose inside the treated lesion(s) and the average dose of the normal liver. The SI values of patients were compared based on whether TACE was previously used. Results: Thirty patients had complete data for analysis. The average dose for a total of 125 targeted lesions was 106 Gy (range 0 Gy – 495 Gy). The average SI of the entire patient group was 3.0, indicating that the targeted lesion dose was three times higher than normal liver dose. The average SI was 1.7 for the 13 patients who had prior TACE and 3.8 for the 17 patients who did not have prior TACE (p = 0.01). Nearly 80% of the patients with prior TACE demonstrated poor 90Ymicrosphere delivery (SI &lt; 2) while none demonstrated excellent microsphere delivery (SI &gt; 4). On the other hand, the incidence of SI &lt; 2 and SI &gt; 4 among patients with no prior TACE was 24% and 40%, respectively. Conclusions: 3D dose evaluation using post-SIRT PET suggests that 90Y microsphere delivery to liver tumors is impaired among patients who received prior TACE compared to those who receive SIRT alone. These data warrant evaluation of clinical outcomes in SIRT patients based on prior use of TACE and may provide a rationale for the use of SIRT prior to TACE.

Selection potential based on differential fertility and mortality has been computed for 24 Himalayan populations classified into four groups: Himalayan populations with Asian affinities (HPA), Brahmans, Rajputs, and Scheduled Castes (Shilpkars). Irrespective of the methodology followed, the total index of selection was found to be highest (0.794) in Barbatiyas (HPA) and lowest (0.428) in Rajputs. The relative contribution of fertility component (If) to the index of total selection (It) is higher than the corresponding mortality component (Im) in all 24 groups. An analysis of correlation and regression on different components of the indices of selection performed among these 24 Himalayan populations revealed that the contributions of If in determining It are stronger than Im. Further, both If and Im are strongly associated with It and account for 76% and 67% of total variability in It, respectively. Examination of the relationship of the selection potential with the differential altitude and social categories showed a decrease in the index from high altitude to low altitude. Similarly, an inverse relationship was found between various indices and social categories. Himalayan populations with Asian affinities (HPA) in the present study reveal higher values of selection potential. Interestingly, these populations invariably reside in high altitude areas where health and communication infrastructures are poorly developed. Thus, the differential pattern of fertility and mortality among the Himalayan populations indicates that they are passing through a stage of transition, as is evident from the decrease in various selection indices. It is also apparent that groups that are less developed socioeconomically, as well as those inhabiting high altitude regions, are lagging behind in this process.

Comparing the performance of two indices for spatial model selection: application to two mortality data

A Selection Index for Fat Production in Dairy Cattle Utilizing the Fat Yields of the Cow and Her Close Relatives

This study is part of a major research project being conducted since 1994 in northern Queensland to develop a better understanding of the impact of selective grazing on rangelands in order to prevent a decline in their condition and productivity. Increased understanding of species selection, in particular, is needed to make sound grazing management decisions and prevent rangeland degradation. Diet selection in cattle was studied using a procedure based on Ivlev's (1961) selectivity index (SI) and modified by Andrew (1986). We evaluated the SI technique as a potential tool to monitor species selection. We measured pasture species frequency and defoliation rates between 1995 and 2000 on five commercial properties representing three major soil types. Frequency and defoliation were also calculated for four functional groups of pasture species (i.e., introduced, decreasers, increasers, and intermediates). The SI technique showed promising results for species selection by cattle grazing on the rangelands of northern Queensland. In Lakeview/Allan hills, for instance, cattle avoided increaser species (average SI was −0.378) and preferentially selected decreaser (average SI was 0.726) and introduced species (average SI was 0.657). Intermediate species were generally grazed in similar proportions to their occurrences. When only one or two pasture species were dominant (i.e., above 90% frequency), however, this technique provided erroneous results. Alternative techniques need to be used in conjunction with the SI technique when one or two species are dominant. We propose this technique as a best bet for producers' adoption as it is simple and requires little expertise. But the technique may not produce the expected outcomes when one or two pasture species dominate a site.