Abstract
BackgroundThe detection of the glomeruli is a key step in the histopathological evaluation of microscopic images of the kidneys. However, the task of automatic detection of the glomeruli poses challenges owing to the differences in their sizes and shapes in renal sections as well as the extensive variations in their intensities due to heterogeneity in immunohistochemistry staining.Although the rectangular histogram of oriented gradients (Rectangular HOG) is a widely recognized powerful descriptor for general object detection, it shows many false positives owing to the aforementioned difficulties in the context of glomeruli detection.ResultsA new descriptor referred to as Segmental HOG was developed to perform a comprehensive detection of hundreds of glomeruli in images of whole kidney sections. The new descriptor possesses flexible blocks that can be adaptively fitted to input images in order to acquire robustness for the detection of the glomeruli. Moreover, the novel segmentation technique employed herewith generates high-quality segmentation outputs, and the algorithm is assured to converge to an optimal solution. Consequently, experiments using real-world image data revealed that Segmental HOG achieved significant improvements in detection performance compared to Rectangular HOG.ConclusionThe proposed descriptor for glomeruli detection presents promising results, and it is expected to be useful in pathological evaluation.
Highlights
The detection of the glomeruli is a key step in the histopathological evaluation of microscopic images of the kidneys
We empirically show that divide & conquer dynamic program (DCDP) is much faster than these algorithms for glomeruli detection
Results and discussion the detection performance is demonstrated by showing the experimental comparisons between Segmental HOG (S-HOG) and Rectangular HOG (R-HOG) [10, 11]
Summary
The detection of the glomeruli is a key step in the histopathological evaluation of microscopic images of the kidneys. The task of automatic detection of the glomeruli poses challenges owing to the differences in their sizes and shapes in renal sections as well as the extensive variations in their intensities due to heterogeneity in immunohistochemistry staining. The glomeruli in the kidneys act as a filtration barrier that retains higher molecular weight proteins in blood circulation. The pathological changes in renal glomeruli of animal disease models can. Our goal was to perform high-throughput detection of the glomeruli in highly enlarged microscopy images of animal disease models, whose sizes run up to the order of 108 pixels. Compared to general object detection tasks, there are two particular obstacles in the case of glomeruli detection. The first obstacle arises from the non-rigid sizes and
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