Abstract
Aims/hypothesisBiomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation are important in the pathogenesis of CVD and can potentially be modified by physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Effects of physical activity on biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction may be especially prominent in type 2 diabetes.MethodsIn the population-based Maastricht Study (n = 2363, 51.5% male, 28.3% type 2 diabetes, 15.1% prediabetes [defined as impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose]), we determined biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation, and combined z scores were calculated. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured by activPAL. Linear regression analyses were used with adjustment for demographic, lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors.ResultsThe association between total, light, moderate-to-vigorous and vigorous intensity physical activity and sedentary time on the one hand and biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction on the other were generally significant and were consistently stronger in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes as compared with normal glucose metabolism status (p for interaction <0.05). Associations between physical activity and sedentary behaviour on the one hand and low-grade inflammation on the other were also significant and were similar in individuals with and without (pre)diabetes (p for interaction >0.05).Conclusions/interpretationPhysical activity and sedentary behaviour are associated with biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation. For biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, associations between physical activity and sedentary behaviour were consistently stronger in (pre)diabetes than in normal glucose metabolism. Whether increasing physical activity or decreasing sedentary time can positively influence biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes requires further study.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of CVD [1,2,3,4,5,6]
All intensities of physical activity and, in addition, regularity of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity were inversely associated with biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation
Independently of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, sedentary time was associated with biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, whereas sedentary time, prolonged sedentary bouts and sedentary breaks were all associated with low-grade inflammation
Summary
Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of CVD [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Notably physical activity and diet, are thought to be important modifiable risk factors for the development of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation [7,8,9]. The effects of physical activity on biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction may be especially prominent in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycaemia impairs microvascular endothelial function and, reduces NO availability [19, 20]. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction (of which these biomarkers are a proxy) is thought to worsen hyperglycaemia through impairment of both insulin-induced glucose uptake and insulin secretion, establishing a vicious cycle of biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and hyperglycaemia [20]
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