Securitised development, popular politics and the authoritarian state in Pakistan

Forest and climate issues are prominent within the policies and media in Bangladesh, as well as on the global level. In this study, media discourses from 1989 to 2010 from the “International Herald Tribune” and “The Daily Ittefaq” ofBangladeshare analyzed. Quantitative content analysis classifies 16 frames of the forest and climate issue and 17 political actors. Substantial differences between the forest and climate discourses of the national and international media have been discovered. The national print media reports that the forest is in a crisis due to climate change, whereas the international print media describes the forest as a solution opportunity to climate change. The hypothesis that the international media drives the national media discourse is rejected. The national media forest and climate discourse in Bangladesh began five years earlier than in the international media, and the different framing of the forest and climate issues can be explained by the influence of strong actors on both the national and international level. Journalists and politicians are the strongest influences in the national print media (The Daily Ittefaq) and primarily frame the discussion around the adverse impact of climate change on the forest inBangladesh, a country that faces potentially severe effects from climate change. By stressing that climate change has caused a forest crisis, the national media brings attention to a threat that they are not responsible for. Scientists, Non-Governmental Organizations and international organizations are the major voices in the international print media (International Herald Tribune). They shape the global forest and climate media discourse around the wider scope of forests’ role in climate change. International scientists and NGOs present themselves as problem solvers of climate change by framing the discussion around the mitigating role of the forests. These strategic arguments explain the differences in media discourse.

Central to this research lays the concept of private sector-led urban development projects (Heurkens, 2010). Such projects involve project developers taking a leading role and local authorities adopting a facilitating role, in managing the development of an urban area, based on a clear public-private role division. Such a development strategy is quite common in Anglo-Saxon urban development practices, but is less known in Continental European practices. Nonetheless, since the beginning of the millennium such a development strategy also occurred in the Netherlands in the form of ‘concessions’. However, remarkably little empirical knowledge is available about how public and private actors collaborate on and manage private sector-led urban development projects. Moreover, it remains unclear what the effects of such projects are. This dissertation provides an understanding of the various characteristics of private sector-led urban development projects by conducting empirical case study research in the institutional contexts of the Netherlands and the UK. The research provides an answer to the following research question: What can we learn from private sector-led urban development projects in the Netherlands and UK in terms of the collaborative and managerial roles of public and private actors, and the effects of their (inter)actions? Indications for a market-oriented Dutch urban development practice Urban development practice in the Netherlands has been subject to changes pointing towards more private sector involvement in the built environment in the past decades. Although the current economic recession might indicate otherwise, there are several motives that indicate a continuation of private sector involvement and a private leadership role in Dutch urban development projects in the future. First, a shift towards more market-oriented development practice is the result of an evolutionary process of increased ‘neoliberalization’ and the adoption of Anglo-Saxon principles in Dutch society. Despite its Rhineland roots with a focus on welfare provision, in the Netherlands several neoliberal principles (privatization, decentralization, deregulation) have been adopted by government and incorporated in the management of organizations (Bakker et al., 2005). Hence, market institutionalization on the one hand, and rising civic emancipation on the other, in current Western societies prevents a return towards hierarchical governance. Second, the result of such changes is the emergence of a market-oriented type of planning practice based on the concept of ‘development planning’. Public-Private Partnerships and the ‘forward integration’ of market parties (De Zeeuw, 2007) enforce the role of market actors. In historical perspective, Boelens et al. (2006) argue that Dutch spatial planning always has been characterized by public-private collaborations in which governments facilitated private and civic entrepreneurship. Therefore, post-war public-led spatial planning with necessary government intervention was a ‘temporary hiccup’, an exception to the rule. Third, the European Commission expresses concerns about the hybrid role of public actors in Dutch institutionalized PPP joint ventures. EU legislation opts for formal public-private role divisions in realizing urban projects based on Anglo-Saxon law that comply with the legislative tendering principles of competition, transparency, equality, and public legitimacy. Fourth, experiences with joint ventures in the Netherlands are less positive as often is advocated. Such institutionalized public-private entities have seldom generated the assumed added value, caused by misconceptions about the objectives of both partners grounded in incompatible value systems. This results in contra-productive levels of distrust, time-consuming partnership formations, lack of transparency, and compromising decision-making processes (Teisman & Klijn, 2002), providing a need for other forms of collaboration. Finally, current financial retrenchments in the public sector and debates about the possible abundance of Dutch active land development policies point towards a lean and mean government that moves away from risk-bearing participation and investment in urban projects and leaves this to the market. Importantly, Van der Krabben (2011b) argues that the Dutch active public land development policies can be considered as an international exception, and advocates for facilitating land development policies. In this light, it becomes highly relevant to study private sector-led urban development as a future Dutch urban development strategy. Integrative urban management approach This research is rooted in the research school of Urban Area Development within the Department of Real Estate and Housing at the Faculty of Architecture (Delft University of Technology). It is a relatively young academic domain which views urban development most profoundly as a complex management assignment (Bruil et al., 2004; Franzen et al., 2011). This academic school uses an integrative perspective with a strong practice-orientation and carries out solution-oriented design research. Here, the integration involves bridging various actor interests, spatial functions, spatial scales, academic domains, knowledge and skills, development goals, and links process with content aspects. Such a perspective does justice to complex societal processes. Therefore it provides a fruitful ground for studying urban development aimed at developing conceptual knowledge and product for science and practice. Such integrative perspective and practice-orientation forms the basis of this research and has been applied in the following manner. In order to create an understanding of the roles of public and private actors in private sector-led urban development, this research takes a management perspective based on an integrative management approach. This involves viewing management more broadly as ‘any type of direct influencing’ urban development projects, and therefore aims at bridging often separated management theories (Osborne, 2000a). Hence, an integrative management approach assists in both understanding urban development practices and projects and constructing useful conceptual tools for practitioners and academics. Integrative approaches attempt to combine a number of different elements into a more holistic management approach (Black & Porter, 2000). Importantly, it does not view the management of projects in isolation but in its entire complexity and dynamics. Therefore, our management approach combines two integrative management theories; the open systems theory (De Leeuw, 2002) and contingency theory. The former provides opportunities to study the management of a project in a structured manner. The latter emphasizes that there is no universally effective way of managing and recognizes the importance of contextual circumstances. Hence, an integrative management approach favors incorporating theories from multiple academic domains such as political science, economics, law, business administration, and organizational and management concepts. Hence, it moves away from the classical academic division between planning theory and property theory, and organization and management theories. It positions itself in between such academic domains, and aims at bridging theoretical viewpoints by following the concept of planning ánd markets (Alexander, 2001) rather than concepts such as ‘planning versus markets’, public versus private sector, and organization versus management. Also, such an integrative view values the complexity and dynamics of empirical urban development practices. More specifically, this research studies urban development projects as object, as urban areas are the focus point of spatial intervention and public-private interaction (Daamen, 2010), and thus collaboration and management. Here, public planning processes and private development processes merge with each other. Thus, our research continues to build upon the importance of studying and reflecting on empirical practices and projects (e.g. Healey, 2006). In addition to these authors, this research does so by using meaningful integrative concepts that reflect empirical realities of urban projects. Thereby, this research serves to bridge management sciences with management practices (Van Aken, 2004; Mintzberg, 2010) through iterative processes of reflecting on science and practice. Moreover, the integrative management approach applied in this research assists in filling an academic gap, namely the lack of management knowledge about public-private interaction in urban development projects. Despite the vast amount of literature on the governance of planning practices (e.g. DiGaetano & Strom, 2003), and Public-Private Partnerships (e.g. Osborne, 2000b), remarkable little knowledge exists about what shifting public-private relationships mean for day-to-day management by public and private actors in development projects. Hence, here we follow the main argument made by public administration scholar Klijn (2008) who claims that it is such direct actor influence that brings about the most significant change to the built environment. An integrative urban management model (see Figure 2.3) based on the open systems approach has been constructed which forms a conceptual representation of empirical private sectorled urban development projects. This model serves as an analytical tool to comprehend the complexity of managing such projects. In this research, several theoretical insights about publicprivate relations and roles are used to understand different contextual and organizational factors that affect the management of private sector-led urban development projects. Hence, a project context exists

Private Sector-led Urban Development Projects. Management, Partnerships and Effects in the Netherlands and the UK

Private Sector-led Urban Development Projects. Management, Partnerships and Effects in the Netherlands and the UK

The centrality of media amid society has been interrupted by gigantic impact of the internet nowadays. Departing from Lippman’s proposition, the foundation of agenda-setting theory with ecological online sphere consideration, and Galtung’s and devotees’ thought about international media works this research comparing national and international media Jakarta’s image as the capital city of Indonesia. Nevertheless, this essential topic seems neglected by previous research. This study used post-positivism paradigm, mixed-data with content analysis method, online observation. The sample of news taken randomly from the significant media according to pressgazette.co.uk for international media (6 media of 50), for Indonesia media was 4 of top 10 media. The selected news portal observed. The displayed news collected, structured, afterward analyzed systematically, objectively, from the title, paragraph, to the picture if any. The data shows both national and international media frame Jakarta’s image differently. International media portray Jakarta in negative way which is in line with Galtung’s and his devotee’s argument, appears as the third world country, framed with the negative attributes and tones as the most polluted city, sinking city, even dangerous city as the residence, workspace, and others. While major national media present Jakarta favorably as the central of national bustles in economy, business, education, and so forth, except one media reported Jakarta in deleterious way. This means the image of thing (capital city) related tightly to the interests or determining factors of media, while international media more complex layers than national media.

ABSTRACTThis article examines how media framed the deadly stampede that killed several dozen people gathered to celebrate a festival in Ethiopia. News articles published by 14 national media (N=21) and 116 international media (N=117) on October 2 and 3, 2016 were collected and comparative content analysis was carried out between April and May 2017. Conflict, attribution of responsibility and political consequences frames dominated the coverage. The differences observed in the use of conflict, responsibility and morality frames by national and international media were statistically significant. The differences in the appearance of political consequences and human-interest frames in national and international media were not statistically significant. In terms of coverage pattern, the themes of headlines of almost all the news articles published on the first day after the incident focused on deaths of people whereas the second day headlines diverged to deaths, mourning, unrest that followed, and other issues as the media found additional facts to organise strong and compelling frames to influence the audience. Based on the findings, this article generalises that national and international media cover the same disaster from different perspectives—national media promote national interest whereas international media emphasise conflict.

Reviewed by: Industrial Eden: A Chinese Capitalist Vision by Brett Sheehan Georgia A. Mickey Sheehan, Brett. Industrial Eden: A Chinese Capitalist Vision. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015. 344 pp. $34.95 (cloth). Industrial Eden tells a complex story of two men, father and son, who built business enterprises in northeastern China during the first half of the twentieth century. The father, Song Chuandian (宋傳典 1872?–1929), came from a poor peasant family that converted to Christianity. British Baptist missionaries in this part of northern China belonged to “the social gospel movement,” which—along with religious conversion—aimed to better the lives of destitute people through developmental projects such as schools and small businesses. They justified their motives for emphasizing economic development by conceiving a causal link between Christianity and prosperity. As a student in their missionary school, Song Chuandian came into contact with this “developmental gospel.” After he graduated, the missionaries gave him work in one of their handicraft projects: a small lacemaking business. Chuandian gathered a few investors, and together they founded the Dechang Lace Company (德昌花邊莊). It remained a small and cash-poor operation until the mid-1910s, when they added hairnets for export to the product line. The hairnet business earned Chuandian a fortune. After Chuandian’s death, his eldest son, Song Feiqing (宋奜卿 1899–1955) turned the family business into a modern industrial enterprise specializing in spinning yarn. During the 1940s, he expanded into other commodities, including gunnysacks. One of the book’s many strengths is that it is the first to analyze Chinese people’s lives across the dislocations of the five authoritarian regimes in power in North China from the founding of the Chinese Republic in 1912 through Chinese Communist Party rule. This time span gives Brett Sheehan the opportunity to explore the commonalities shared by authoritarian regimes and—more importantly—the contradictions arising from immediate circumstances. These five regimes each aimed to build state-run economies. Sheehan complicates the division between authoritarian and developmental states by showing that, in the midst of the extortion and confiscation that private companies like Feiqing’s Dongya Corporation (東亞毛呢纺織股份有限公司) endured, there were also times when these regimes needed to promote developmental objectives, bringing cooperation between the authoritarian state and private business. Central to Sheehan’s analysis is Song Feiqing’s business philosophy. Song—as well as other Chinese businessmen in the 1920s and 1930s—conceived of industrialization as a modern and scientific project that had the potential to socially, culturally, and politically redeem the Chinese nation. In other words, industrializing China was not just about making money. Entrepreneurs like Feiqing were patriots. Theirs was a utopian vision of change derived from origins that scholars do not usually see as complementary. For Feiqing, there was Christian redemption from Baptist missionaries; the paternalism, loyalty, and self-cultivation of Confucian teachings; and the Western and scientific mandate of the May Fourth movement. These influences came together in Song Feiqing’s vision of a scientific, hygienic modernity practiced at his factory in Tianjin. In his utopian vision, shareholders, employees, and the nation were enriched and prospered along with the business. Sheehan’s title, Industrial Eden, captures this complex convergence of ideas and influences. [End Page 106] Evidence from Sheehan’s rich and widely varied sources puts to rest historiographical arguments over whether Chinese entrepreneurs in the twentieth century profited from reliance on Chinese cultural values or exposure to Western business practices. Song Feiqing and his father did not use any “single, culturally determined set of Chinese business practices” (4). They were pragmatists. They accepted the arbitrary and extortionate nature of their political environments. They formed their business strategies and met challenges by using what they saw as the most effective means at hand. Sheehan shows how the term “capitalism” could have multiple meanings as a result of the hybrid practices that men like Song Chuandian and his son used to build their business empires. One of the ironies that Industrial Eden documents is that it was often the instability of China’s political environment that brought success to the Song family. Father and son were astute and clever, and they found spaces within authoritarian, but often disorganized, regimes where they could run their businesses...

It is increasingly common to encounter headlines detailing China’s environmental woes and the social action that has appeared as a result. These headlines run side-by-side with stories of China’s continued economic growth and rise in global prominence. The fact that these two issues are connected is not lost on Chinese citizens or the Communist Party of China. The way these competing, though related, issues are addressed by state and society in China is of central concern to the country as well as to the global community. Though the topic of environmental degradation and social response has been previously explored by many academics in the context of China, the issue has gained a broader audience. The three books under review generally seek to reach this broader audience and to address key tensions in China’s environmental governance, providing insight into changes in state–society relations. There has been an opening of social space in China over the last twenty years, allowing for increased public activism related to environmental issues, at a scale unimaginable even thirty years ago. The nature of this space, however, and the political context in which it has emerged, are contentious. Judith Shapiro provides an overview of the broad spectrum of related issues involved in China’s Environmental Challenges, using a textbook format to introduce the key debates regarding environmental governance in China. Following her now seminal study Mao’s War Against Nature, Shapiro’s newest book draws on a historical view of environmental issues in the country; shifting

Introduction. In the modern dynamic environment of socio-economic systems, the issues related to team management at enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity and the development and implementation of international projects are becoming increasingly relevant. The development of projects, regardless of their nature, often requires the collaborative, coordinated efforts of numerous individuals with diverse roles, competencies, professional skills, and cross-cultural peculiarities. The purpose of the paper is to study the peculiarities of team management at the enterprise in the conditions of the development and implementation of international projects, to identify trends, perspectives and problems of ensuring the flexibility and adaptability of team work organization at the enterprise. Results. The paper explores the peculiarities of team management in the context of developing and implementing international projects. It discusses the principles of team management in enterprises involved in international project development and implementation. The main types of team management in enterprises are analyzed, including autocratic, democratic, transactional, and situational management. The paper justifies the key stages of project management and examines the essence of the Scrum technology for agile project management. It identifies its advantages and disadvantages and proposes a process for implementing Scrum technology in team management at enterprises engaged in international project development and implementation. Conclusions. Team management in the context of international projects can also involve the study and implementation of innovative methodologies, such as Scrum. Implementing Scrum technology can help optimize the processes of project development and execution, promoting greater flexibility and speed in team management. Scrum defines clear role allocation within the team, establishes short development cycles, and focuses on continuous improvement and feedback. This methodology can be particularly useful in international projects where the ability to adapt to changes and quickly respond to market demands is crucial.

China has increasingly integrated nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) into its global development strategies. Chinese NGOs’ project location choices have far-reaching implications not only for the effectiveness and sustainability of service delivery and resource allocation but also for the broader dynamics of international development and diplomacy. However, existing studies on location choices have focused on Western NGOs, with limited attention to how NGOs from authoritarian states like China, characterized by heightened governmental influence and constrained NGO autonomy, choose locations for international development projects. This paper represents the first attempt to empirically investigate the underlying factors and mechanisms. Based on a unique panel dataset, we show that NGOs tend to align their project locations with government initiatives, placing more projects in countries with more Chinese government-financed aid and development projects and a greater cross-country political affinity stemming from shared socialist legacies. In addition, such government-guided NGO alignment has temporal dynamics, with the effects of government projects on NGO initiatives peaking within the initial five years and diminishing thereafter. These findings provide insights into shifting development paradigms, the evolving role of civil society in international relations, how authoritarian regimes leverage NGOs to advance their foreign policy objectives, and the long-term implications for civic infrastructure development worldwide.

Many development projects in Africa have failed, either partially or completely. Most often, these failures have been understood and interpreted by researchers and development players in terms of a global and striking concept, as phenomena of blockage and/or attachment to secular traditions" of African populations, Assogba (2005) [8]. Applying the principle of pernicious effects with a weberian interactional model (Zidane and Olsson 2017), we realize that project achievements are best understood and interpreted as the product of specific social behavior change. In terms of practical utility, the present study suggests that an interactionist approach to the process of carrying out development projects in Africa would undoubtedly reduce the number of failures or negative effects. Most, almost all development or resilience projects don`t do well in Africa (Montes-Guerra et al, 2015) [5], and particularly in Chad. Yet there is a chance that these projects will succeed if certain aspects of the project management concept are respected. Studies have shown that it is clear that development actors have put much more emphasis on a "management" angle to the detriment of the "development/impact" angle, yet the overall success of a project is both "management success" and "development success". It should also be noted that project failures are not confined to Africa - other countries also experience failures - but in Africa, it's a question of the behavior of donors and project implementers.

Despite the long-standing normative assumption that, for individuals in transitional states, exposure to Western media cultivates stronger attachments to Western political and economic values, the evidence presented here suggests otherwise. Using mass public survey data from the mid-1990s in five Central and Eastern European countries, this article demonstrates a general lack of support for international media’s positive contributions to individuals’ democratic attitudes and preferences for market economies. This finding is particularly unexpected because the countries under investigation represent ideal cases based on their proximity to Western democracies and international (Western) media sources’ capacities for extensive transnational media penetration into the region. Yet this failure to find persuasive evidence of the influence of international media diffusion on the development of Western political values sharpens our understanding of the process of political socialization in democratizing countries by eliminating an assumed source and is thus relevant to students of democratization, international development, and mass media.

Following the rush to minerals that would enable the shift towards green economies, the Sámi homeland is quickly becoming a crucible for the rising tensions surrounding the potential for new mining projects and large-scale infrastructure projects. The roots of these conflicts date back to the colonization of the north and continue in the present with the ongoing fight to maintain the Sámi heritage, language and culture, and increasingly to gain ownership of their lands. What initially began as activism within the legal system has, on occasions, transformed into outright protests. Social media increasingly plays a key role in disseminating the message of Indigenous protest among the protesters themselves and feeding into the national and international mainstream media. This shift occurs simultaneously with the construction of a dual narrative, constituted of both land-use protest and intensified demands for Indigenous rights, including, first and foremost, the right to self-determination. Drawing from Social media theory literature and the concepts of political opportunity structures (POS) and legal opportunity structures (LOS), this study argues that social media is one of the most essential tools used by Sámi activists to raise awareness about issue-based protests as well as to communicate demands for the right to self-determination when legal and political opportunity structures are not enough to support the cause. The power of social media lies in its accessibility, immediacy and visuality, which is illustrated in the article via specific examples of mining and railway construction protests in Finland and Sweden. Social media does not replace older tools, such as international human rights litigation, but their use can complement existing strategies for defending and advancing Indigenous rights.

To describe leisure participation in adolescents with congenital heart defects (CHD) and identify factors associated with intensity of participation. Eighty adolescents with CHD were recruited (39 males, 41 females; mean age [SD] 15y 8mo [1y 8mo] range 11y 5mo-19y 11mo) of whom 78 completed the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) outcome measure of leisure participation. The measure has five subscales: recreational, active-physical, social, skill-based, and self-improvement. Associations between the CAPE and age, sex, and development were examined. Motor ability (Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition), cognition (Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised), behavior (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), and motivation (Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire) were assessed. Participants exhibited impaired motor (43.5%), behavioral (23.7%), and cognitive (29.9%) development. The most intense participation was in social (mean [SD] 3.3 [0.99]) and recreational (2.9 [0.80]) activity types on the CAPE. Male sex (p<0.05) and younger age were associated with greater physical activity (<15y: 1.87; ≥15y: 1.31, p<0.05). Greater engagement in social activities was related to better cognition (r=0.28, p<0.05), higher motor function (r=0.30-0.36, p<0.01), and fewer behavioral difficulties (r=-0.32 to -0.47, p<0.01). Cognitive ability (r=0.27, p<0.05), dexterity and aiming/catching (r=0.27-0.33, p<0.05), and behavior problems (r=0.38-0.49, p=0.001) were correlated with physical activity participation. Persistence in tasks, an aspect of motivation, correlated with physical (r=0.45, p<0.001) and social activity involvement (r=0.28, p<0.05). Ongoing developmental impairments in adolescents with CHD are associated with decreased active-physical and social engagement, putting them at risk of poor physical and mental health. Health promotion strategies should be considered. Adolescents with congenital heart defects (CHD) have limited engagement in active-physical leisure activities. Cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments are associated with decreased participation in leisure in children with CHD. Female sex and older age are associated with less engagement in leisure. Mastery motivation correlates with participation, suggesting an avenue for intervention.

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;In recent years there has been growing interest globally in energy transition from fossil fuel-based systems of production to renewable energy sources. However, experiences from offshore wind energy suggest that lack of local community acceptance associated with the siting of renewable energy infrastructure projects poses a significant challenge. In principle, there is public support for marine energy in the UK, with UK government funded research indicating 79% of public respondents in large-scale nationally representative surveys have expressed support (BEIS, 2020). However, opposition by local communities to large-scale infrastructure projects is likely to occur, possibly arising from the social, spatial and psychological impacts having to do with place attachment and displacement. Place attachment zeroes in on the ties that bind people and places together and give meaning to people&amp;amp;#8217;s lives and their identity. We have seen, through the coronavirus pandemic for example, the effects of relocalization, the connection people have to local places and the sense of identity that can come from those connections. On the other hand, displacement defines the ways in which place attachment can be threatened, changed and disrupted, and weakened by rapid extensive changes that people do not feel any sense of control over, and it usually leads to a sense of threat, uncertainty, anxiety and pushback. Although intangible, it is necessary to appreciate the connections people have with landscapes and seascapes and for such ties to be taken into account, in addition to environmental impacts, when assessing the roll out of marine energy infrastructure projects. This will secure community acceptance for rapid and extensive change and ensure an equitable transition. In this study, Morlais Tidal Demonstration Zone in Holy Island, Anglesey was used as a case study to examine the role of place attachment and displacement in shaping local community acceptance of large-scale marine energy infrastructure projects, the place attachment related factors involved and how these factors shape the development of such projects. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain qualitative primary data and a mixed-method approach was used to allow for triangulation with secondary quantitative data from various sources. This study also examines socio-environmental outcomes at various scales and their wider implications.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;