Securing Sufficient Funding and Robust Community Partnerships in the United States: Prerequisites for Innovative Programming

Purpose. Nowadays the issue of employment of internally displaced women is becoming more and more relevant all over the world. In particular, in Ukraine, in the conditions of a full-scale war, the number of internally displaced women is increasing every day, and the possibility of finding a job for them on the local labor market is becoming more difficult. The main reasons for this are: the decrease in the potential of the labor market due to the destruction of production capacities and infrastructure, the increase in the level of unemployment, rising competition, the relocation of many businesses abroad, the change in the structure of the labor market, as well as in the structure of job offers. Under such conditions, IDP-women’s awareness that their specialty, skills, and competencies are in demand on the local labor market has a positive effect on their emotional and psychological state and increases the chances of their employment. The purpose of this study is to find out the level of influence availability of specialties and skills in demand in the local labor market by IDP-women on their emotional and psychological state in war conditions. Design/methodology/approach. To achieve the purpose, the methods of statistical analysis were used in the research. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the assumption that IDP-women who consider their specialty and work experience relevant to the local labor market, adapt more easily to new living conditions, have a positive emotional state and do not need psychological support was verified. These women also have other skills and abilities that are also in demand in the local labor market. IDP-women who believe that their other skills and abilities are not in demand in the local labor market need retraining and consider it important. The research is based on a sociological survey conducted by the authors with the Public Organization “Center for Women’s Perspectives” as part of the project “Advocacy Support of Internally Displaced Women in the Western Regions of Ukraine” with the financial support of the Women’s Peace and Humanitarian Fund of the United Nations. The survey of women was carried out by the questionnaire method in four regions of Ukraine: Ternopil, Rivne, Lviv and Khmelnytskyi. The sampling error does not exceed 3 % with a probability of 0.95. The sample population was calculated from the general population of 3,475 registered internally displaced women by September 2022. Findings. It was found that the emotional and psychological state of IDP-women is influenced to a greater extent by other factors than the presence of a specialty and work experience, which are relevant for the local labor market. The study identified the main barriers to the employment of internally displaced women. The hypothesis that the presence of a specialty and work experience in a specialty is sufficient for employment and a positive psychological state of IDP women has been rejected. Other factors can have a greater influence on employment and the emotional and psychological state of IDP-women, in particular, the desire to integrate into the local business environment, connection with part of the family or relatives, adaptation to new living conditions, loss of the previous source of income, uncertainty about further events, especially if the war is still ongoing and there is a direct threat to life. The hypothesis that IDP-women who consider their specialty and work experience relevant to the local labor market also have other skills and abilities that are also in demand on the local labor market was confirmed. Practical implications. The results of the research will be useful to public organizations, local selfgovernment bodies and other interested parties involved in assisting internally displaced persons. Originality/value. The specifics of the IDP-women are analyzed, the relationship between the main groups of factors that influence their employment of is established in the article. Barriers faced by IDP-women in searching for employment were analyzed.

Mask Up: Academic-Community-Government Partnerships to Advance Public Health During COVID-19.

In this paper we first review the (potential and actual) role of the Universities for the local economies in which they operate, especially considering the implications deriving from the degree of skill mismatch (over-education) in a local labour market. Then, in the second part of the paper, we realise an empirical investigation based on administrative information of an Italian University matched with the data of the job centres of the local (provincial) labour market in order to reconstruct the characteristics of the university-to-work transitions of graduates. Our results have important policy implications, since for local development it is crucial, among other things, to make the best use of all human resources and especially those with the highest educational level.

We examine the experiences of foreign-invested enterprises with localized shortages of skilled process workers in a local labour market in China: Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP). In particular, we examine how they respond to three major challenges: deficiencies in the vocational education and training system (VET); provision of workplace-based training; and poaching of skilled workers by other companies. We statistically examine employers’ responses to these challenges by using five independent variables: firms’ duration in SIP; size of firms’ skilled workforces in SIP, employers’ experiences of recruitment difficulties; employers’ perceptions of VET deficiencies; and employers’ experiences of employee poaching by other employers. Our findings show a range of approaches within firms that both confirm and contradict the economics-oriented human resource management (HRM) literature and recent discussion on the effects of Confucian values on HRM. As well, more innovatively, we find that firms use their HRM practices to link their internal labour markets and the local external labour market. Moreover, these firms engage with local institutions to meet their market-oriented requirements, suggesting the need for a more locationally sensitive approach to ‘HRM with Chinese characteristics’.

What is the impact of the Olympic Games on an economy? Hosting an Olympic Games potentially offers benefits for the economy of the host city or region. The benefits include infrastructure construction related to the event, improved road or rail networks, consumption by tourists, and job creation. However, there are also potential drawbacks of hosting the event, such as high costs and underutilized facilities. Economists have studied the economic effects of the Olympic Games, but the existing empirical studies show mixed results. Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) study the long-term effects of the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympic Games on output and labor market outcomes in Nagano City and its neighboring areas. To estimate the impact of the Nagano Olympic Games on the local economy and labor markets, they compare the actual outcomes caused by the Olympic Games with a counterfactual outcome that would have been observed if the Olympic Game had not been held. The counterfactual outcome is constructed by using the synthetic control methodology developed by Abadie et al. (2010). Miyoshi and Sasaki find that the Nagano Olympic Games induced population inflows into Nagano Prefecture and had a positive impact on the local economy. They also find that the Nagano Olympic had no effect on the local labor market. Mega sports events, such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup, are expected to have not only short-run effects, but also long-run effects on the economy. Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) place the long-run effects at center stage when they study the effect of Nagano Olympic Games on the local economy and labor market. This is a valuable paper for readers who are interested in economic effects of mega sports events. I have a few comments on the analysis presented in the paper. Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) examine whether the Nagano Olympic Games has a positive effect on the local GDP by comparing the actual and estimated synthetic counterfactual trends in Nagano Prefecture's GDP. Their analysis shows that the Nagano Olympic Games had a positive impact on the local economy in the long run. However, their analysis did not measure the size of the impact. Since we are interested in knowing how much the event boosted the local economy, Miyoshi and Sasaki should measure the size of the impact of the Nagano Olympic Games on the local GDP. Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) demonstrate that the Nagano Olympic Games had a significant positive impact on Nagano Prefecture's GDP and production in the real estate sector, but it did not have a significant impact on the local GDP per capita. A key to understanding these results is population dynamics. Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) show that the Olympic Games induced population inflows into Nagano Prefecture, and argue that the increase in Nagano Prefecture's population increased production in the real estate sector, and Nagano Prefecture's GDP. The finding that the Olympic Games had a positive impact on the local population is of interest. I am wondering how the Olympic Games induced the population inflow in the long run. Miyoshi and Sasaki should provide some economic intuition for this result. To investigate the impact of the Nagano Olympic Games on the local labor market, Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) use administrative data on job findings (Shokugyou Antei Gyoumu Tokei). As they mentioned, while this dataset comprehensively covers labor market conditions in local areas throughout Japan, it has a considerable drawback: sample selection bias. The dataset only captures job seekers and job vacancies registered at local employment service offices. Thus, unregistered job seekers and firms with vacancies are excluded from the dataset. According to the Labour Force Survey, less than half of the unemployed workers visit employment service offices as the primary way of searching for jobs. This implies that a large proportion of unemployed workers search for jobs without using the Employment Agency's services. Similarly, it is known that a large proportion of firms with vacancies search for workers without using the employment service offices (see e.g. Kodama et al., 2004). This leads to two questions: How serious is the sample selection bias? How does the sample selection bias affect the results of the paper? Sample selection bias may mitigate the positive effect of the Olympic Games on labor market outcomes. This implies that Miyoshi and Sasaki's conclusion may not be very accurate. I think that authors need to provide a better discussion of the problems caused by sample selection bias. I am also wondering how the Olympic Games affected wages, which are ignored in their analysis.

The aim of this work is to analyse an area where, along with a strong tradition of typical products, part-time work and pluriactivity can be found. This occurs in a "rich" socio-economic context, which is characterised by an agriculture reaching high levels of productivity, a widespread industry and a significant service sector. The area is the province of Parma. The objective is to stress the ways thanks to which agriculture would not disappear in a socio-economic context that is rapidly following a development model marked by the increasing role of the service sector. The role the significant typical products play helps professional and non-professional farming to keep its place. The main lesson to be drawn is this : the presence of typical products and of a flourishing food industry accounts for the permanence of a rich professional agriculture as well as of a network of part-time and pluriactive farms which, thanks to their high profits, stay active in the agricultural sector in the long term and not as a prelude to leaving it. This is fundamental because, as recent studies point out, agriculture tends to be forced out from a post-industrial context, either for economic or socio-cultural reasons. To reach this goal we had to analyse in detail the 47 administrative municipalities belonging to the province of Parma in the light of some factors we regard as significant. The analysis has been conducted with an innovative approach aimed at incorporating the idea of the local labour market, i.e. through the adoption of a functionally defined statistic-geographic entity, the local labour market, as explained in Annex 1. The analysis has pointed out that, according to the main activity in terms of employees, in the province there can be found three types of local markets of labour that can be divided on a time basis : 1. A. ''Agricultural exemplification" local market of labour - The term agricultural is inappropriate, since agriculture is not the main sector, in terms of employees, but in this area it has a greater weight than the average in the rest of the province : with the "central town" of Busseto. 2. Al. ''Agricultural-Industrial exemplification" local market of labour - This area has a high percentage of agricu/tu-ral farms as compared with the average of the province, but is has - in absolute figures - the highest percentage of workers in the industrial sector, with the "central town" of Langhirano, where industry means food industry. 3. S. "Other activities (Services) exemplification" local market of labour - having the highest percentage of employees in the other activities (services) sector, it has all the typical characteristics of the development phase of current economic systems : with the "central town" of Fidenza. In this work, the general results concerning the three local labour markets of each type will be shown. After providing some useful information regarding the development process of the area under examination, the following factors have been analysed: - Significance of the agricultural activity linked to typical products in the context of local production and importance of food industry in the economic activities. - Relevance and features of pluriactivity and part-time work in agriculture.

The aim of this study is to examine the ways in which social class shapes the return-to-work decisions of Finnish working-class and middle-class mothers, and how these decisions are structured by the constraints and opportunities mothers face in the local labor market. The focus of the study is in the local labor market of the city of Jyväskylä. The data consist of two semi-structured focus group interviews of 14 employed mothers of below school-age children. Using the framework of “gendered moral rationalities,” the study shows that there are similarities in mothers’ experiences, while the structural constraints mothers faced when deciding about the timing of returning back to work differ. The analysis highlights that the differences were not only dependent on social class but also on the situation in the local labor market. For working-class mothers, the most crucial issue was the financial strain that their staying at home caused to their families. For middle-class mothers, finding employment opportunities that would match their educational qualifications in the local labor market had been challenging, which affected their timing of returning back to work. The paper concludes that local labor market plays an important role in mother’s return-to-work decisions and should be explored further in differing geographical contexts.

This paper explores the role of local labor market dynamics on the survival of new businesses. The characteristics of the local labor market are likely to influence the survival of new businesses, the level of entrepreneurship, and the resilience of the regional economy. We apply portfolio theory to evaluate employment-based and income-based measures of risk-and-return trade-offs in local labor markets on new business survival in the United States. Our results show that volatility in local labor markets has a positive impact on new business survival, especially in Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The results are robust across different timeframes, including during economic downturns, thus highlighting the contribution of new businesses in developing the resilience of the local economy, and further promoting sustainable regional economic development.

This chapter describes one approach to mapping the areas of the United States into an exhaustive and mutually exclusive set of local labor markets. It deals with the former task because an appropriate partitioning of space must logically and empirically come before the task of describing those spatial units. The local labor market is a key source of inequality. It explores a mix of national, regional, and particularistic labor processes. The local labor market also consists of an opportunity structure influenced in part by national and regional macroeconomic forces and also by the local social and economic organization of production. Local labor markets vary along many dimensions, including industry mix, union density, presence of defense installations and/or contractors, and skill levels of workers. The commuting zones and labor market areas developed with the 1980 census data have been employed by researchers in a variety of ways.

This paper analyzes the extent to which employment opportunities for different sociodemographic groups are concentrated in a limited number of occupations within their local labor market areas. Data from the STF‐4 file of the 1980 Census of Population and Housing are used to measure the occupational concentration of these groups in 318 labor market areas (LMAs) in the United States. Regression analysis demonstrates the significance of local labor market characteristics for the occupational concentration of women and men and of whites and blacks. Gender differences in occupational concentration are strongly related to the differential effects of the industrial composition of the local labor market. Racial differences in occupational concentration are affected by the fact that working in larger, more densely populated LMAs is more significant for blacks than for whites.

Most regional economic models are based on levels and real balances. For example, firms’ employment decisions are thought to be a function of local relative wages (relative to the wage levels of other places) discounted by local price levels and labor productivity. Such models are based on comparative statics and reduce decision variables to their “real” values, supposedly untainted by monetary effects. This modeling strategy is appropriate if the spatial economic system is at equilibrium. At equilibrium, we do not need to know how the economic system gets from one point to another, or how economic agents are going to respond to changes in the economic environment. These issues are irrelevant in a world that is stable, certain, and complete.’ In a world characterized by disequilibrium, however, different issues arise. It is very important to understand how the economic system adapts and adjusts (Benassy 1982). Levels are not so important as changes, and money effects are very important, rivaling real balances in terms of their influence on output and employment (Tobin 1980). Not only are money variables decision variables, in a world of uncertainty they are also the approximate variables for the underlying economic structure. Once the comfortable world of certainty and equilibrium is left behind, the crucial issue becomes the temporal relationships between variables. In this paper we analyze the temporal relationships between regional money wage and price inflation. Assuming that disequilibrium best characterizes the spatial economy, we also assume that money wages are a crucial behavioral variable, being a proximate measure of labor’s income and firms’ costs. Prices, though also vital, are not so obviously endogenous decision variables. Price inflation *Research reported here was funded in part by a grant from the German Marshall Fund of the United States. The first draft of this pa r was written while Gordon Clark was a guest of the ORL Institute of Eidgenossische Technische Hocgchule, Zurich, Switzerland. Thanks to B. Hotz-Hart, M. Hotz-Hart, and John Whiteman for comments on a previous draft. All opinions and errors, if any, are, of course, those of the authors. ‘Indeed, equilibrium models are singularly ill equipped to handle out-f-equilibrium situations. As Hahn (1973) noted, equilibrium models “make no formal or explicit causal claims at all. Such models] . 7). Both neoclassical economics and some variants of radical economic theories are compromised by $l ese problems.

Recent work by labor economists has suggested that differential labor market treatment of minorities (e.g., occupational segregation) may vary across local labor markets. This study assesses whether changing economic conditions in a local labor market affects the degree of occupational segregation by race and gender in the United States. Our empirical analysis finds evidence that the relative occupational structures of white women and black males are systematically related to changes in certain local labor market conditions.

While the job search literature has increasingly recognised the importance of the spatial distribution of employment opportunities, local labour market conditions have been a notable omission from much of the empirical literature on commuting outcomes. This study of the commute times of dual earner couples in England and Wales finds that local labour market conditions are closely associated with commute times and their effects are not gender neutral. Male commute times are much more sensitive to local unemployment rates than women’s; where women earn less than one–third of household income, their commute times do not seem to be sensitive to local unemployment. In addition, the more conducive the local labour market is to female employment, the less time women spend commuting. On average the ‘female friendliness’ of the local labour market has no effect on male commute times, but in households where women earn the majority of household income, men commute further if the local labour market is female friendly. We also show that it is important to account for the heterogeneity of household types; there are important differences in our results according to female income share, housing tenure, mover status and mode of travel.

The paper deals with the statistical study of the structural changes in the local labour market. It has been pointed out that one of the basic statistical study of the complex socio-economic systems, which is considered the local labour market are structural dynamic changes. It is caused by the structure which always has a certain mobility and ability to change under the influence of the internal and external factors. Therefore, in the study the analysis was carried out to identify the trends of local labour market functioning, as well as to assess the summary characteristics of the structural differences in the dynamics. It has been grounded that the functioning of the local labour market in the whole is characterized by certain structural and dynamic changes which can be estimated on the bases of measurements of total and current local labour market by using indicators of labour market statistics. The most common indicators include linear coefficient of absolute structural changes, the average coefficient of absolute structural changes, the average coefficient of relative structural changes, the integral coefficient of structural changes of Gateva, a general indicator of structural changes of Salai. Despite the complexity and diversity of the processes the most relevant study is that one that analyze the dynamics of economically active population number by gender, number of employed population by gender, number of vacancies by type of economic activity. The constant monitoring of indicators of labour market statistics makes it possible to optimize the activity of local governments involved in planning and monitoring the implementation of the decisions taken to promote employment, reduce unemployment, to balance and improve the effectiveness of management decisions

While the job search literature has increasingly recognised the importance of the spatial distribution of employment opportunities, local labour market conditions have been a notable omission from much of the empirical literature on commuting outcomes. This study of the commute times of dual earner couples in England and Wales finds that local labour market conditions are closely associated with commute times and their effects are not gender neutral. Male commute times are much more sensitive to local unemployment rates than women’s; where women earn less than one–third of household income, their commute times do not seem to be sensitive to local unemployment. In addition, the more conducive the local labour market is to female employment, the less time women spend commuting. On average the ‘female friendliness’ of the local labour market has no effect on male commute times, but in households where women earn the majority of household income, men commute further if the local labour market is female friendly. We also show that it is important to account for the heterogeneity of household types; there are important differences in our results according to female income share, housing tenure, mover status and mode of travel.