Secuelas del incremento del Índice de Precios al Consumidor en el poder adquisitivo (2015–2023). Estudio de caso de los Estados Unidos de América, Alemania y México

This article analyzes the economic consequences of Russia’s military aggression for directly fighting Ukraine, as well as Europe and the global world. Based on the analysis of statistical reports of international agencies, it was determined that the most significant challenges for the economic life of the countries were the increase in prices, especially for food and energy products, the slowdown in GDP growth, and the increase in the level of indebtedness of the countries. Countries with a low level of income and a high share of food costs in the family budget suffer the most from the increase in food prices. Also inflation dynamics for EU countries was analyzed. It was noted that Ukraine suffered the most from military actions, and therefore the country needs a clear and detailed plan of actions for post-war reconstruction. The main requirements for recovery programs are outlined: urgency, coordination between donor countries and Ukraine, regularity of financial assistance during and after the war, financial accountability and transparency.

BackgroundThe prices of energy resources are important determinants of sustainable energy development, yet associated with significant unknowns. The estimates of the impact of prices of energy products in the domestic market (for domestic consumers) are rare—hence the importance and novelty of this research. Therefore, the main goal of the paper is to assess the impact of domestic prices of gasoline, gas, coal, and solar energy on sustainable and secure energy future.MethodsThe research includes 14 countries (of which 7 are developed and 7 are developing countries) and a period of 5 years (2014–2018). The model also includes discrete variables: level of development (developing or developed), and the fact as to whether the country is an energy exporter or not. For the purposes of analysis, the following elements were used: Panel Data Analysis, Linear regression (with random and fixed effects), Durbin–Wu–Hausman test, and Honda test, with the use of R-studio software for statistical computing.ResultsThe research showed that the biggest negative impact on energy sustainability was recorded by an increase in the price of coal and the smallest one by an increase in the price of solar energy. An increase in the price of gasoline has a positive impact, while an increase in the price of gas has no impact. The basic methodological result showed that the fixed effects linear model is more accurate than the random effect model.ConclusionsThe results of the paper, important as a sustainable energy policy recommendation, showed that the impact of changes in energy product prices is significantly greater in developing countries, but that the status of the country as an energy exporter has no significance. In addition, the paper points to the need to intensify the research on the assessment of the impact of energy product prices for domestic consumers on their ability to pay that price, because with a certain (so far undefined) increase in energy product prices, a certain group of domestic consumers moves into a category that is not in line with sustainable energy development and is extremely undesirable in every respect—energy poverty.

Examining gender differences in adolescent exposure to food and beverage marketing through go-along interviews

Despite growing interest from government agencies, non-governmental organizations and school boards in restricting or regulating unhealthy food and beverage marketing to children, limited research has examined the emerging knowledge base regarding school-based food and beverage marketing in high-income countries. This review examined current approaches for measuring school food and beverage marketing practices, and evidence regarding the extent of exposure and hypothesized associations with children’s diet-related outcomes. Five databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycINFO) and six grey literature sources were searched for papers that explicitly examined school-based food and beverage marketing policies or practices. Twenty-seven papers, across four high-income countries including Canada (n = 2), Ireland (n = 1), Poland (n = 1) and United States (n = 23) were identified and reviewed. Results showed that three main methodological approaches have been used: direct observation, self-report surveys, and in-person/telephone interviews, but few studies reported on the validity or reliability of measures. Findings suggest that students in the U.S. are commonly exposed to a broad array of food and beverage marketing approaches including direct and indirect advertising, although the extent of exposure varies widely across studies. More pervasive marketing exposure was found among secondary or high schools compared with elementary/middle schools and among schools with lower compared with higher socio-economic status. Three of five studies examining diet-related outcomes found that exposure to school-based food and beverage marketing was associated with food purchasing or consumption, particularly for minimally nutritious items. There remains a need for a core set of standard and universal measures that are sufficiently rigorous and comprehensive to assess the totality of school food and beverage marketing practices that can be used to compare exposure between study contexts and over time. Future research should examine the validity of school food and beverage marketing assessments and the impacts of exposure (and emerging policies that reduce exposure) on children’s purchasing and diet-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in school settings.

The increase in prices of basic necessities has a significant impact on a country's per capita income. This research aims to analyze the impact of rising prices of basic necessities on per capita income in Indonesia, with an emphasis on the domestic economic perspective. The panel data regression analysis method is used to evaluate the relationship between increases in prices of basic necessities and per capita income, by controlling for various other economic and demographic factors. The research results show that the increase in prices of basic necessities has a real influence on per capita income in Indonesia. A decrease in purchasing power due to an increase in the price of basic necessities can reduce the real income of individuals and families, which in turn affects overall per capita income. The impact is felt especially among households with low income levels.
 Other factors such as inflation, economic growth and government policies also play a role in determining the impact of rising prices of basic necessities on per capita income. Therefore, there is a need for appropriate policies to effectively manage rising prices of basic necessities, including steps to control inflation, strengthen the social protection system, and increase economic productivity. In conclusion, the increase in prices of basic necessities has significant implications for per capita income in Indonesia. A holistic and sustainable approach is needed in formulating economic policies that can overcome these challenges, taking into account various external and internal factors that influence domestic economic dynamics.

This paper provides an analytical review of the large literature on and political violence. It offers nonspecialists a perspective on the current state of the debate in that literature and presents some conjectures that might explain unanswered questions. In this discussion, political violence primarily means civil war, although other forms are also briefly considered. And the focus is not on per se—understood as a particularly low level of income (for example, $1 a day)—but rather on the level of income across countries, groups, or individuals and the nature of its association with violence. Thus poverty here refers to low levels of economic development or income, consistent with the civil war literature, where countries with very low incomes are considered poor countries. In addition, I also consider the relationship between economic inequality and education on the one hand and political violence on the other, drawing upon related literatures on and criminal violence to consider any parallels with studies of political violence. There is an emerging consensus in the literature that a low level of income is a significant or even necessary condition for some forms of political violence, such as civil war or coups. But there is no consensus on the effects of economic inequality and education, and it is not clear that the same relationship between income and civil war applies to other forms of violence, such as terrorism. I examine more closely the empirical results that support this emerging consensus.

Many countries, including Canada, are considering regulations to restrict food and beverage marketing to children. However, little evidence is available outside of the US on how marketing exposure differs across sociodemographic subgroups. To investigate potential associations between child and adolescent sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to food and beverage marketing in Canada. Participants (n=3780) aged 10-17 self-reported exposure to food and beverage marketing across food categories, locations and marketing techniques. Logistic regression models tested relationships between sociodemographics (age, sex, ethnicity and income adequacy) and marketing exposure. Among other differences identified, 13-17 years old were more likely than 10-12 years old to report seeing unhealthy food marketing online. Girls were more likely than boys to see such marketing online and in retail settings, while boys were more likely to see it in video games. Minority ethnicities (including Indigenous youth) and respondents with lower income adequacy generally reported more exposure than White and higher income respondents, respectively. This study highlights important differences in marketing exposure among youth of different sociodemographic groups in Canada, including greater exposure to marketing among those most disadvantaged and emphasizes the essential need to consider food marketing across equity groups when developing restrictions on marketing to kids.

Inflation is defined as the general increase in prices in the most general sense and is an important macroeconomic indicator. The increase in food prices is affected by the general inflation rate and it is an important indicator in determining the monetary policies implemented. In recent years, factors such as global crises, climate changes, foreign dependency in energy have sharpened the rises in national indicators. In this study, in Turkey, the effects of electricity-natural gas, Brent oil, dollar exchange rate and labor cost (minimum wage), which are the most important cost items in forming food prices, in the quarterly periods between 2003Q1-2022Q4 were analyzed. Vector Autoregression (VAR) model was used as the analysis method, the cointegration relationship between the variables can be accepted with a lagged value in the model and the error correction model is assumed to consist of an autoregressive distributed lag model. Literature review showed that external factors will affect food prices more as a hypothesis. According to the variance decomposition analysis results in the VAR model, the most important factors affecting food prices are exchange rate in the short run and Brent oil price in the long run. It has been observed that the minimum wage has the lowest effect. In the research, one limitation is that only factors such as electricity-natural gas, Brent oil, dollar exchange rate and labor cost were taken into account in evaluating impact on food prices, and other economic, social and climatic factors affecting agricultural production were not taken into account. In previous studies, the effects of factors such as electricity-natural gas, Brent oil price, dollar rate and labor cost on food prices were examined separately; this study contributes to determining which factor is more effective over the long and short term.

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES IN UKRAINE

Objective:The objective of this research was to determine if, based on gender, adolescents were exposed to different marketing techniques that promoted food and beverages over social media.Design:A secondary analysis of adolescent boy (n 26) and girl (n 36) exposures (n 139) to food and beverage marketing was conducted. Mann–Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted to compare the number, healthfulness and the marketing techniques of exposures viewed by boys and girls.Setting:Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Participants:Sixty-two adolescents aged 12–16 years.Results:Boys and girls were exposed to similar volumes of food marketing instances (median = 2 for both boys and girls, Mann–Whitney U = 237, P = 0·51) per 10-min period of social media use. More girls viewed products that were excessive in total fat compared to boys (67 % v. 35 %, P = 0·02). Boys were more likely to view instances of food marketing featuring a male as the dominant user (50 % v. 22 %, P = 0·03), appeals to achievement (42 % v. 17 %, P = 0·04), an influencer (42 % v. 14 %, P = 0·02) and appeals to athleticism (35 % v. 11 %, P = 0·03), whereas girls were more likely to view instances of food marketing featuring quizzes, surveys or polls (25 % v. 0 %, P = 0·01).Conclusions:Food and beverage companies utilise marketing techniques that differ based on gender. More research examining the relationship between digital food and beverage marketing and gender is required to inform the development of gender-sensitive policies aimed at protecting adolescents from unhealthy food marketing.

To compare and evaluate the prevalence of food and beverage marketing on the livestreaming platforms Twitch, Facebook Gaming and YouTube Gaming, as well as examine growth of food and beverage marketing on these platforms over a 17-month period of data collection. Cross-sectional data were analysed across three livestreaming platforms and six food and beverage categories: alcohol, candy, energy drinks, snacks, sodas and restaurants. Stream titles of livestreamed events as well as corresponding hours watched on Twitch, Facebook Gaming and YouTube Gaming. None. There were significant differences between the use of food and beverage brand mentions in stream titles across all three studied platforms (P < 0·05), as well as hours watched across platforms (P < 0·05). Energy drinks dominated food and beverage brand mentions across platforms, followed by restaurants, soda and snacks. All platforms demonstrated growth over the 17-month data collection period. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic impacted both immediate and sustained growth across all platforms, with the greatest impact observed on the Twitch platform. Food and beverage marketing as measured through stream titles is widely prevalent across the three most popular livestreaming platforms, particularly for energy drinks. Food marketing on these platforms experienced growth over the past 17 months which was accelerated substantially by the COVID-19 pandemic. Future work should assess the sustained impact this growth may have on marketing practices and eating behaviour.

Children and adolescents in the United States consume too many calories, including empty calories from foods and beverages high in sugar and saturated fat, placing themat risk for obesity and obesity-related diseases including type 2 diabetesmellitus, hypertension, and cancer.1-3 Yet food companies continue to directly target young people with marketing for products that contribute to poor health. They spend$1.8 billion annually in youth-targetedmarketing,with thepromotionof fast food, sugarydrinks, sugarybreakfast cereals, and candy accounting for 90% of these expenditures.4 Although companies have promised to market healthier choices to children younger than 12 years of age, there have been few improvements in the overall landscape of foodmarketed to children.5 In addition, companies continue to view children 12 years of age and older as an important targetmarketandoutside thescopeofcurrent self-regulatory initiatives.6 Marketing in schools is one tool in the foodcompanies’ diverse toolbox to encourage children and adolescents to consumetheirbrandsandrecruit lifelong loyal customers. In2009, food and beverage companies spent $149 million on inschool marketing. This amount represents 8% of total youthtargeted food marketing expenditures and the third-largest category of promotional activity behind television and premiums.4 Carbonated and other sugary beverages account for more than 90% of school-based marketing expenditures, followed by fast food. Snack foods, candy, and baked goods, as well as dairy products, also are marketed in schools. Most of these products are high in sugar, calories, and fat and are inconsistent with recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.7 The school environment provides an optimal setting for companies to reach youth, but this marketing raises significant public health concerns. Students are “a captive audience,” exposed to school-based marketing messages multiple times over the almost 200 days per year they spend in school. Continuous exposure to brand logos directly increases long-term preferences for brands.8 Furthermore, school-based marketing occurs without parental interference. Even if parents are aware ofmarketing to their children in school, their ability to change these practices is limited. In addition, marketing in schools implies the school’s endorsement of the products.Howcan schools effectively teach good nutritionwhen theproducts they tell children to limit are featured in school halls, cafeterias, vending machines, and athletic fields? All too often school officials believe that corporate supportprovidesanacceptable solution toaddressbudget shortfalls. However, this short-term solution comes with the potential for long-term detriment to students’ health and well-being. In this month’s JAMA Pediatrics, Terry-McElrath and colleagues9 provide an important contribution to our understandingof theprevalenceandtypesof foodandbeveragemarketing in schools. To our knowledge, their article9 is the first toquantify foodmarketing in anational sampleof schools and to measure changes over a 6-year period. Many of the findings are surprising and disturbing. Almost two-thirds of elementary schools provide food coupons as student incentives (eg, Pizza Hut’s Book It program10 and Sonic Limeades for Learning11). In cafeterias, 10% of elementary schools and 30% of high schools serve branded fast food weekly; 19% of highschools serve it everyday.From2007 to2012, onlymiddle schools exhibited a significant reduction in food marketing, while 70% of elementaryand middle-school students continue to encounter some form of food-related marketing. Although incidence is low at 6%, posters or other ads for soft drinks, fast food, and candy increased steadily in elementary schools from 2008. Vending contracts remain prevalent but contributeminimal financial support: approximately $2 to $4 per studentannually.Not surprisingly,middleandhighschools with ahighpercentage of low-income students havemore exclusive vending beverage contracts than other schools. The school-based food and beverage marketing described in Terry-McElrath et al9 understates the overall picture. As documented by others,4,12-15 the full range of inschool marketing practices is even broader. Branded fundraising sponsoredby food companies is common, including direct sales of products (eg, David’s Cookies16 and Hershey’s candy17) and reward programs for families’ purchases (eg, General Mills’ Box Tops for Education18 andMy Coke Rewards for schools19). Ronald McDonald visits elementary schools to teach children abouthealthy eating,20 and fast food restaurants donate a percent of the night’s proceeds in return for in-school promotions.21 Soda and sports drink logos are commonly featured on donated school equipment such as scoreboards and beverage coolers.15 Food marketing also enters the classroom through display advertising on Internet search engines and educational websites such as coolmath-games.com22 and Channel One News.23 Across all demographic groups, two-thirdsof parents support regulations to limit advertising and sponsorships of unhealthy foods and beverages in schools, a higher level of support thanregulationsonfoodmarketing tochildren inanyother Related article page 234 Opinion

SummaryChildren are increasingly exposed to food and beverage marketing, but little is known about the specific effects of marketing through media most used by children. This study aims to systematically review the influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing through social media and advergaming on diet‐related outcomes in children. Seven databases were systematically searched for English peer‐reviewed quantitative and qualitative scientific studies on the effects of marketing of unhealthy products through social media or advergaming on a range of diet‐related outcomes in children. Risk of bias was assessed with tools specific for the different study designs. Twenty‐six studies were included, of which 20 examined the effect of food and beverage marketing through advergaming and six through social media. Most studies had a high risk of bias. The results suggested that unhealthy food and beverage marketing through social media and advergaming has a significant effect on pester behaviors, food choice, and food intake of children. The studies demonstrate that unhealthy food and beverage marketing through media popular with children significantly impacts different diet‐related outcomes. Combined with existing evidence on this effect in other settings, this review provides clear evidence of the need for policies targeting screen‐based marketing.

Issue The Norwegian food industry has implemented a self-regulatory scheme to restrict the marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages to children under the age of 13 years. In the period 2014-2019, the scheme has treated 77 complaints and made 126 assessments of planned marketing campaigns. Description The aim of the evaluation was to explore perceptions of the scheme through interviews with stakeholders from the industry, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and health authorities. Further, a survey among parents (n = 1117) with children under the age of 16 years was completed to map opinions on marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages to children. Results The stakeholders had different views of the scheme, where the industry was positive, while the NGOs had mostly critical views. The dispute relates mainly to the content of the scheme's code and guidance, and less to the practice of the scheme's committee. NGOs and health authorities argue that older children should be covered by the scheme, whereas the industry opposes this. However, the scheme specifies to take precautions when marketing to adolescents below 16 years. More than 40 percent of parents are worried that their child is excessively exposed to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages and report that it affects their child. About one-third of the parents had heard about the scheme. Lessons The possibility of having an assessment of planned marketing campaigns is a strength; however, there are still disagreements concerning the scheme's code and guidance. To make complaints, consumers need to know how, complicating supervision. However, parents experience that children are exposed to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages and support regulations protecting them from such marketing. Key messages The industry, NGOs, and authorities have different views about the scheme. Disagreement applies mainly to the age range that should be protected from marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages.

Purpose: To evaluate the association of county level characteristics with the incidence of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix among Hispanic women. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program's 18 registries from 2000-2009 were queried and average annual age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 Hispanic women for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (SCC) were calculated. Patients were stratified by residence in a county with high versus low percent language isolation, percent of Hispanics with less than a high school education and percent of Hispanic families below the poverty level. Results: Between 2000-2009, 5,534 Hispanic women were diagnosed with SCC in SEER. Incidence rates were highest among those living in counties with high levels of LI (8.9 v 10.7), or low levels of education (8.9 v 10.8) or income (8.7 v 11.0). The incidence of SCC was significantly less in women living in counties with higher levels of education and income and lower levels of LI than among those living in counties with lower levels of education and income and higher levels of LI (8.6 v. 11.3). Counties that have higher levels of income and education are less likely to be LI whereas counties with lower levels of income and education are more likely to be LI. Conclusions: Among Hispanic women, county level characteristics such as LI, education, and income have a complex interaction that appears to be associated with the incidence of SCC. Community level interventions need to be evaluated to decrease the high incidence of SCC in this population. Citation Format: Kristy K. Ward, Angelica M. Roncancio, Steven C. Plaxe. The association of county level characteristics with the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in Hispanic women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A54.