Abstract
Monitoring higher harmonics of the drive frequency in amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy can give extra information on local surface properties. The first to fourth harmonics inclusive were monitored on the surface of individual Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and on the polycarbonate filter in which they were trapped. The second harmonic response was sufficient to create the first higher harmonic images of the surfaces of living bacterial cells under aqueous buffer. Mapping the second harmonic signal onto the height (Z piezo-signal) shows that they are largely uncorrelated, suggesting that it measures local surface properties related to mechanics and/or chemical interactions.
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