Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metals Contamination in Water and Sediments of A Commercial Fish Farm Connected to Lake Manzala, Egypt.

Abstract. Mwatsahu SH, Wanjau R, Tole M, Munga D. 2020. Heavy metal contamination in water, sediments, and fauna of selected areas along the Kenyan coastline. Ocean Life 4: 37-47. Every year millions of tons of industrial waste and municipal sewage are dumped into the world’s oceans as rivers carrying agricultural wastes discharge their waters into the ocean. The Mombasa inshore (Kilindini and Portreiz) waters and Sabaki/Malindi bay, Kenyan coastline, complex are characterized by rapid urbanization and industrial activities, including shipping, agriculture, and tourism. As a result, the coastal fauna, sediments, and seawater are polluted with heavy metals, raw sewage, and organochlorine pesticides. Heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), and Zinc (Zn) have threshold limits (USEPA) above which they are toxic. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of heavy metals Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Hg, and Zn in selected areas along the Kenyan Coastline. The analysis was done during the dry and wet seasons. The levels of the heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption spectro-photometry flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Mercury cold vapor), and Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The levels of the metals were as follows: In sediments, Hg: nd, Cr: nd, Cu: 9.912-40.412 µg/g, Fe: 3,195.667-35,435.981 µg/g, Mn: 135.467-228.780 µg/g, Zn: 54.700 -181.725 µg/g. Biota: Hg: nd, Cr: nd, Cu: 43.963-229843 µg/g, Mn: 29.770-486.611 µg/g, Fe: 379.853-35,277.752 µg/g, Zn: 99.476-872.852 µg/g, Cd: nd, Pb: 135.407-833.111 µg/g. Sea water: Cr: 0.015-0.026 µg/mL, Fe: 0.062-16.524 µg/mL, Cu: 0.010-0.033 µg/mL, Zn: 0.028-0.066 µg/mL, Pb: 0.006-0.010 µg/mL. Cd and Hg levels were not detected in seawater, sediments, and fauna. In contrast, Cr was not detected in sediments and fauna but had levels above USEPA guidelines at Kilindini, Malindi Bay, and Sabaki estuary sites. Cu had levels above USEPA guidelines at Sabaki in the water and sediments at most sites. Pb levels were above USEPA guidelines at most sites of the Kenyan Coastline, while Zn levels indicated moderate pollution in seawater, sediments, and fauna. These findings indicated that seawater sediments and fauna from the Kenyan Coastline are moderately polluted with Cu, Pb, and Zn according to USEPA guidelines. It is recommended that regular assessments of pollution levels be done and measures put in place to prevent increased pollution of the Kenyan Coastline.

The study was conducted to investigate the heavy metal contamination in water, sediment and fishes from the Passur river in the Mongla port area near Sundarbans mangrove during the period from January to June 2013. The water samples were collected from five different sampling stations as St-1 (upstream- 1km upper from port area), St-2 (port area), St-3 (downstream-1km lower from port area), St-4 (tributary) and St-5 (1 km lower from tributary). Sediment samples were collected monthly from Station-1, 2 and 3 during the study period. The concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe and Cr) in water were found from water much lower than the permissible level. The concentrations of five heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Fe) in the sediment samples were Fe at 23481.61 to 15339.4 mg/kg, while other metals were much lower and found little difference among different months. The result indicated that passerious pollution in the Passur river is due to heavy metals; whereas the concentrations of elements found could mainly be attributed to geological sources. To maintain the sound environment and healthy ecosystem of the river and the surrounding areas, need proper management and monitoring of water quality of the river.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 15-19 2017

Assessment and source analysis of heavy metal contamination in water and surface sediment in Dongping Lake, China

Several industries such as leather tanning, coal mining, steel and metal processing are responsible for heavy metals contamination in water. Heavy metals contamination in water can have harmful effects on both aquatic and terrestrial animals by entering the food chain. Due to the higher toxicity of heavy metals, it is necessary to remove heavy metal ions from water. There are several physio-chemical methods available, including ion exchange, membrane filtration, chemical oxidation, and electrochemical methods. However, these methods have some disadvantages like expensive and generating harmful byproducts. Biosorption is a cost-effective and eco-friendly method for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water. Biosorbents are derived from biomasses of plant, bacterial, algal, fungal, agro-waste, etc. The biosorbents have several functional groups on their surface providing them a high binding capacity for heavy metal ions. Mathematical models such as isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetic studies help explain how heavy metals adsorb on biosorbents. This review provides comprehensive details on the heavy metals heavy metal contaminated in water including the source, toxicity and biosorption of heavy metal ions. This review also provides the mechanism of heavy metal biosorption including mathematical models.

Heavy metal contamination in water and soil presents a growing global issue that poses significant risks to environmental integrity and human well-being. Various heavy metals, including arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr), contaminate ecosystems. These metals enter the environment through both natural processes and human activities such as coal mining, leather production, metal processing, agriculture, and industrial waste disposal. With their high toxicity and tendency to accumulate in organisms, heavy metals induce oxidative stress in cells, resulting in organelle damage. This toxicity can lead to genetic mutations and histone alterations. Given the severe effects of heavy metals, urgent actions are required to eliminate them from polluted soil and water. While physicochemical techniques like membrane filtration, precipitation, oxidation, and reduction exist, they have limitations. Hence, there is a pressing need to devise environmentally friendly and cost-efficient approaches for heavy metal removal. This article examines heavy metal contamination in water and soil, its adverse impacts, and the cleanup of heavy metals using eco-friendly methods.

Water quality depends on its physicochemical and biological parameters. Changes in parameters such as pH, temperature, and essential and non-essential trace metals in water can render it unfit for human use. Moreover, the characteristics of the local environment, geological processes, geochemistry, and hydrological properties of water sources also affect water quality. Generally, groundwater is utilized for drinking purposes all over the globe. The surface is also utilized for human use and industrial purposes. There are several natural and anthropogenic activities responsible for the heavy metal contamination of water. Industrial sources, including coal washery, steel industry, food processing industry, plastic processing, metallic work, leather tanning, etc., are responsible for heavy metal contamination in water. Domestic and agricultural waste is also responsible for hazardous metallic contamination in water. Contaminated water with heavy metal ions like Cr (VI), Cd (II), Pb (II), As (V and III), Hg (II), Ni (II), and Cu (II) is responsible for several health issues in humans, like liver failure, kidney damage, gastric and skin cancer, mental disorders and harmful effects on the reproductive system. Hence, the evaluation of heavy metal contamination in water and its removal is needed. There are several physicochemical methods that are available for the removal of heavy metals from water, but these methods are expensive and generate large amounts of secondary pollutants. Biological methods are considered cost-effective and eco-friendly methods for the remediation of metallic contaminants from water. In this review, we focused on water contamination with toxic heavy metals and their toxicity and eco-friendly bioremediation approaches.

The geochemical characteristics of some heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni) in the river and sea sediments, in the soil and in the river and groundwater of an estuary on the southeast coast of Turkey have been studied. In the sea sediments, the wastes from a chromium factory control these metal concentrations. The heavy metal contamination in the river sediments results from an existing chromite mine at the northern part of the area. These heavy metals are concentrated in the soil, but they do not penetrate into the groundwater because of the low permeability of the unsaturated zone in the region.

Waste from industrial activities has a great impact on water quality thereby limiting water usability for domestic purposes. This study assessed the heavy metal contamination in water around the industrial layout in Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria. Seven (7) water samples were collected and analyzed for their physicochemical and geochemical properties using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Water facie was determined using a Piper plot. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination factor (Cf), Contamination degree (Cd), Quantification of Contamination (QoC) and Hazard Index (HI) of the heavy metals in water samples were obtained. Results show the ranges of physicochemical properties as, pH (4.1 - 5.9), total dissolved solid (78 - 292 ppm), electrical conductivity (0.1 - 0.4 µS/cm) and temperature (30.1 - 32.2°C). The concentration of metals in groundwater samples were obtained as Cd (0.001 - 0.004ppm,), As (00007 - 0.0011ppm), Cr (0.005-.01ppm), Pb (0.0003- 0.046ppm), Zn (0.0204-0.26ppm), Fe (0.000005- 0.013ppm), Mn (0.0009-2.5ppm) and Ni (0.001-0.03ppm). Igeo for heavy metals < 5, Fe has Cf of F>6 (strongly polluted) and Cd>32. Fe and Mn have positive QoC values indicating anthropogenic sources. Results show the HI to be greater than 1 indicating children and adults are at low risk of non-carcinogenic health problems. Water in the study area was contaminated with Pb and Mn thereby reducing its quality and exposure through derma and ingestion can cause adverse health effects. Proper sanitation with contamination control and monitoring strategies should be adopted to safeguard the health of water consumers from the study area.

The economic development of any nation primarily puts burdens on the natural resources. The genuine problem with the natural resources is its free availability in the nature. Neither the natural forces possess the potential to overcome the burden with required pace nor does the exploiter intend to do so. As a result the natural resources have been exploited with utmost mismanagement since the explorers have established it. The water resources including the surface and groundwater are one of them. The very nature of the water as a universal solvent puts water into a grave trouble especially in mismanaged circumstances. The heavy metals’ contaminations are quite common in the water regimes in and around the industrial setups. These setups also includes mining regions, where a major alteration occurs in the landscape resulting into the unsteadiness in the established water system. The industrial outlets act as a point source of the heavy metals, whereas the mining setups develops unique circumstances in which the otherwise concealed heavy metals in the geological strata leaches out. The hazardous impact of the heavy metals on the biological world is well known and is elucidated through multiple endeavours. The heavy metals contaminated water systems are the platforms where the bioaccumulation incepts. In due course, the bioaccumulation proceeds to the bio-magnification when entered into the food chain. It is but obvious, to avoid such grave situation, obstructing the heavy metals at very first stage is advisable. Multiple traditional practices are known to remove the heavy metals from the contaminated water systems; but, none of it stands free from the clutches of expense and toxic by-products. In that case, the bioremediation has now been considered as an encouraging option. The removal of the heavy metals from the water systems with the help of biotic products or elements like agricultural waste, flora, microbes, etc. are now been advocated by multiple endeavours. The present article presents a very tangential review over the heavy metal contaminations in water, its effects on the biotic world and its probable remediation by various sustainable practices.

Trace heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, and mercury, are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. In addition to these metals, copper, manganese, iron, and zinc are also important trace micronutrients. The presence of trace heavy metals in the atmosphere, soil, and water can cause serious problems to all organisms, and the ubiquitous bioavailability of these heavy metal can result in bioaccumulation in the food chain which especially can be highly dangerous to human health. This study reviews the heavy metal contamination in several areas of Pakistan over the past few years, particularly to assess the heavy metal contamination in water (ground water, surface water, and waste water), soil, sediments, particulate matter, and vegetables. The listed contaminations affect the drinking water quality, ecological environment, and food chain. Moreover, the toxicity induced by contaminated water, soil, and vegetables poses serious threat to human health.

The objective of the study is to reveal the seasonal variations in the river water and sediment quality with respect to heavy metal contamination. To get the extent of trace metals contamination, water and sediment samples were collected from five different sites along the course of Sabarmati River and its tributary Kharicut canal in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The concentration of trace metals such as chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc was determined using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. The concentrations of heavy metals were found to be higher in the pre-monsoon season than in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in water samples. The pollution load index, contamination factor and degree of contamination (C(d)) in sediments were calculated to know the extent of anthropogenic pressures. The values of C(d) clearly indicated very high degree of contamination at Kharicut canal (S-4: 32.25 and S-5: 54.52) and considerable degree of contamination at three sites of Sabarmati river viz; S-1, S-2 and S-3 with values 14.30, 14.42 and 17.21, respectively. Lead and nickel could not be traced in any of the river water samples.

Freshwater ecosystems are being contaminated by heavy metal pollution. The primary source of contamination is wastewater discharged from urban, industrial, and agricultural facilities. The contaminated water contains hazardous amounts of heavy metals mixed in the freshwater ecosystem, causing deleterious impacts on marine life and humans. This review paper highlights the contamination of the freshwater ecosystem of Pakistan with heavy metals. Heavy metals' concentration in sediments, water, and fish were assessed in the food chain, and their relationship with sites and sources was explored. It was observed that heavy metals present in freshwater and sediments bio-accumulate into fish organs. It was also found that some parts of freshwaters such as the rivers Ravi, Chenab, Kabul, and Indus were highly contaminated, and they imposed negative impacts on fish and human health. The River Ravi, receiving a huge amount of industrial and sewage wastewater from urban centers and industries of Central Punjab, was highly contaminated compared to other rivers of Pakistan. The ecosystem health of River Indus was the best among all the rivers of Pakistan due to the enormous volume of water flow and less number of industrial units along with it. Freshwater fish of the rivers Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum are consumable for humans. The presence of heavy metals also causes social, environmental, and economic problems. Therefore, the wastewater should be treated before discharge into freshwater streams and rivers to lessen the harmful impacts of heavy metals on marine life and human beings.

Heavy metal contamination assessment and source attribution in the Vicinity of an iron slag pile in Hechi, China: Integrating multi-medium analysis

Heavy metal contamination in water and sediment is a serious concern in nations that depend heavily on natural resources such as Nigeria. In most coastal communities around oil mining areas in Nigeria, drinking water quality, staple food, and livelihoods are primarily dependent on ecological systems and marine resources (e.g., fish). Thus, humans and other receptors are exposed to heavy metal risks through ingestion and dermal contact. This research evaluated the potential ecological risks of heavy metals including Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb) in water, sediments, and shellfishes (Callinectes amnicola, Uca tangeri, Tympanotonus fuscatus, Peneaus monodon) along the Opuroama Creek in Niger Delta, Nigeria. The concentrations of heavy metals were measured in three stations using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and their relative ecological (geo-accumulation index and contamination factor) and human health risk (hazard index and hazard quotient) analysed. The toxicity response indices of the heavy metals indicate that the sediments pose significant ecological risk particularly with Cd. None of the three exposure pathways to heavy metals in the shellfish muscles and age groups pose a non-carcinogenic risk. Total Cancer Risk values for Cd and Cr exceeded the acceptable range (10-6 to 10-4) established by USEPA in children and adults, raising concerns of potential cancer risks following exposure to these metals in the area. This established a significant possibility of heavy metal risks to public health and marine organisms. The study recommends conducting in-depth health analysis and reducing oil spills while providing sustainable livelihoods to the local population.

The heavy metals contamination in water and water mimosa (Neptumia oleracea Lour.) grown in the Tha Chin River were investigated. The study sites were Song Pee Nong district, Suphan Buri Province and Sam Pran District, Nakhon Pathom Province. The water quality including pH, temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electric conductivity (EC), Total Dissolve Solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and salinity were analyzed. All of parameters was in the ranged of the water quality standards for surface waters of Thailand except BOD at Sam Pran District. The heavy metals including copper, cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc concentration were determined. The results showed that the heavy metals contamination in water were in order as follow: inc>lead>cadmium>copper>nickel, which were lower than the surface water quality standards values. The results indicated that water mimosa accumulated zinc in the highest levels in roots. The heavy metals accumulation in the water mimosa were in order as follow: zinc>lead>copper>nickel. The highest concentration of zinc, lead, copper and nickel accumulated in water mimosa were 452.60 ± 3.15, 128.97 ±. 13.70, 106.48 ± 7.06 and 17.28 ± 0.64 mg/kg dry weight, respectively.