Abstract
This paper presents printed thick film Ag|AgCl|KCl reference electrodes (RE) for electrochemical sensors. The screenprinted REs with 10-μm thick glass-KCl salt matrix layer exhibit a stable potential of 5 mV. Cyclic voltammetric analysis shows that the anodic and cathodic peak current of the RE increases with the scan rate in the range of 25-150 mVs <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . The analytical performance of the REs shows a stable open circuit potential for the NaCl concentrations in the range of 30-100 mM. Testing the presented REs for electrochemical pH sensor application (with RuO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -based sensitive electrode) the sensitivity of 55 mV/pH was noted in the pH range of 4.5-9. Evaluating the effect of temperature on the performance of REs, a potential variation of -3.8 mV/ °C was observed. Finally, a LabVIEW interface was developed to store, analyze, and calculate the sensitivity of the sensor under different temperature conditions. The LabVIEW interface can also be used to calculate the pH-value/temperature of unknown solutions under known temperature/pH conditions.
Highlights
R EFERENCE electrodes (REs) are vital to study the electrochemical changes of biological systems to both enhance understanding of these complex systems and to aid in the development of treatment for environmental or healthrelated issues
We present a detailed analysis of thick film RE for pH sensors and their application in water and food quality monitoring
The thickness of KCl layer was found to have a strong influence on REs in the initial stabilization phase (∼ 3 hr.)
Summary
R EFERENCE electrodes (REs) are vital to study the electrochemical changes of biological systems to both enhance understanding of these complex systems and to aid in the development of treatment for environmental or healthrelated issues. Alternatives to traditional Ag/AgCl electrodes include Hg/HgO REs, but these pose environmental issues Both thin and thick film-based Ag/AgCl REs have been used in sensing applications [4], [10], [12]. Screen printing has become a useful tool to overcome some of these limitations, as it allows fabrication of REs for disposable sensor on flexible substrates [18] It offers a simple method for obtaining thick film sensitive and reference electrode in different configurations [19], [20]. Screen printing is used in this paper to realize the new thick film REs. The new thick film REs presented here have glass-KCl layer composition, which can be printed on different substrates including alumina and low temperature co-fired ceramics [9], [21].
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