Scirpophaga excerptalis (Walker). [Distribution map

A new distribution map is provided for Fiji disease virus Viruses: Reoviridae: Fijivirus Hosts: Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum ) and other Saccharum spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Sulawesi, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, AFRICA, Madagascar, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a vital cash crop worldwide, contributing significantly to the economy and agro-industrial sector. However, its productivity is severely affected by the sugarcane stem borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis), one of the most destructive pests in sugarcane cultivation. Climate change, particularly variations in temperature, humidity and rainfall, has been identified as a major factor influencing the population dynamics and infestation severity of this pest. This study investigates the impact of key climatic variables on sugarcane stem borer infestations in Bangladesh. A comprehensive field survey was conducted across multiple agro-ecological zones and data were collected on pest incidence, temperature fluctuations, humidity levels and rainfall patterns. Statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation between increasing temperatures and higher infestation rates, with peak pest activity observed in regions experiencing prolonged warm and humid conditions. Additionally, erratic rainfall patterns influenced the reproductive cycle of the borer, leading to unpredictable outbreaks. The findings highlight the need for climate-resilient pest management strategies, including integrated pest management (IPM) techniques, resistant crop varieties, and climate-adaptive farming practices. This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring climatic trends to predict pest outbreaks and develop proactive control measures. By incorporating climate-smart agricultural practices, farmers can mitigate the adverse effects of environmental changes on sugarcane production.

A new distribution map is provided for Melanotus communis Gyllenhal. Coleoptera: Elateridae. Main hosts: sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum ), potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), many grasses, and some vegetables and cereals. Information is given on the geographical distribution in North America (Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia and Wisconsin, USA).

A new distribution map is provided for Sugarcane streak mosaic virus. Potyviridae: Poacevirus. Main host: sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum ). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Bangladesh, China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Indian Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam).

<i>Rhynchophorus palmarum</i>

Groundwater and soil potassium deficiencies are present in northern India. Sugarcane is a vital crop in the Indian Punjab; it is grown on approximately 91,000 hectares with an average yield of 80 tonnes ha−1 and a sugar recovery rate of 9.59%. The role of potassium (K) fertilizer under both sufficient and deficient irrigation in ratoon sugarcane crops is not well documented. We conducted a split-plot ratoon cane experiment during 2020–2021 at the Gurdaspur Regional Research Station of Punjab Agricultural University, India, on K-deficient soils. Main treatments were fully irrigated (I1) and water stressed (I0) conditions, with sub-treatments reflecting K fertilizer application rates of 0 (M1), 67 (M2), 133 (M3), and 200 (M4) kg K ha−1. The ratoon sugarcane performance was assessed in terms of growth, productivity, sugar quality and incidence of key insect pests. At harvest, trends in the growth and yield parameters in I1 were improved over the I0 treatment, with cane height (+12.2%), diameter (+3.3%), number of internodes (+5.4%), biomass yield (+7.6%) and cane yield (+5.9%) all higher, although little significant difference was observed between treatments. Ratoon cane yield under irrigation was 57.1 tonnes ha−1; in water-stressed conditions, it was 54.7 tonnes ha−1. In terms of sugarcane quality parameters, measured 12 months after harvesting the initial seed crop, values of Brix (+3.6%), pol (+3.9%), commercial cane sugar percentage (+4.0%) and extractable sugar percentage (+2.8%) were all higher in the irrigated treatments than the water-stressed plot. Irrigated treatments also had a significantly lower incidence of two key insect pests: top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis) was reduced by 18.5% and stalk borer (Chilo auricilius) by 21.7%. The M3 and M4 treatments resulted in the highest cane yield and lowest incidence of insect pests compared to other K-fertilizer treatments. Economic return on K-fertilizer application increased with increasing fertilizer dosage. Under the potassium-deficient water-stressed conditions of the region of north India, a fertilizer application rate of 133 kg K ha−1 is recommended to improve ratoon sugarcane growth, yield, and quality parameters and economic returns for sugarcane farmers.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is one of the leading plantation crops that plays an important role as a raw material for sugar production. Sugarcane cultivation cannot be separated from the attack of pests. This study aims to determine the species of pests on sugarcane plants and the intensity of major pest attacks at Madukismo Factory, Madubaru Company, Yogyakarta. The research began with the determination of sample plants using the diagonal method. Pest observations were conducted four times at two-week intervals, including collection, identification, recording symptoms of damage, and calculating the intensity of pest attacks. Pests were identified at the Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. The pests found attacking sugarcane plants during the observation were Lepidiota stigma (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Euchlora viridis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Chilo sacchariphagus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Scirpophaga excerptalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Rattus argentiventer (Rodentia: Muridae), Saccharicoccus sacchari (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and Pyrilla perpusilla (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). White grubs (L. stigma and E. viridis) were the most dominant pests with the highest attack intensity.

Land productivity and quality were negatively impacted by both unbalanced fertilization and water-stressed conditions, which has arisen as an important topic of research. In the semi-arid tropics, sugarcane is the main source of sugar and ethanol; however, no potash (K) dose is recommended for the deficient sites in the region, which are further responsible for lower recovery. As a result, in order to standardize the K dose for deficient sites, present experiments carried out during plant (2019–2020) and ratoon (2020–2021) seasons. The statistical design was a split-plot design with main plot treatments comprised of I1 (irrigated) and I2 (stressed) treatments followed by K1, K2, K3, and K4 plots fertilized with 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg K2O ha−1 in subplots. Germination was reported to be 13.7, 25.0 and 32.3% higher during plant and 6.2, 17.3 and 24.4% higher during ratoon season in K2, K3, and K4 plots, respectively. Tiller’s cane−1 was recorded to be significantly affected by potash levels at 241 days after planting (DAP) and 261 and 326 days after harvesting (DAH). Periodic chlorophyll content of the sugarcane leaves was reported not to be affected by irrigation treatments except at 355 DAP and 324 and 357 DAH, where respected values were reported to be 2.06% in the plant season and 1.55 and 2.54% higher in the ratoon season in I1 plots, respectively. During plant season purity and extraction after the 10th month, respective values were reported to be 1.5% lower and 4.03% higher under I1 plots, while only Brix (%) was reported as significant and 2.42% higher in I1 plots during plant season after the 12th month. The incidence of early shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus) and stalk borer (Chilo auricilius) was reported to be significantly higher under stressed conditions (30.4 and 21.5% lower in I1 plots) during the plant season, while early shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus), stalk borer (Chilo auricilius) and top (Scirpophaga excerptalis) incidences were significantly lower in I1 plots to the tune of 19.6, 22 and 9.73% as compared to the I2 plots during the ratoon season. The application of 80 kg K2O ha−1 resulted in significantly higher cane yield and decreased insect-pest occurrence. Even though 120 kg K2O ha−1 promoted different plant and ratoon sugarcane characteristics, they were all statistically equivalent. In I1 plots, benefits increased from K2 to K3 plots by 26.7% during plant and 155% during ratoon seasons but decreased from K3 to K4 plots by 21.0% during plant and 26.1% ratoon seasons. In I2 plots, however, benefits from K2 to K3 plots were reported to be 72.7% during plant and 76.5% during ratoon seasons, which was reduced to 10.5% during plant and 16.7% during ratoon seasons in K4 plots. Results of a two-year study on plant and ratoon canes revealed that 80 kg K2O ha−1 at deficient sites significantly improved the performance of both plant and ratoon canes yields, sugar yields, reduced the insect-pests’ incidence, and finally the benefits of the cane farmers under both irrigation regimes.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), a perennial grass, is widely grown as a vegetatively propagated crop in the tropics and sub-tropics of the world. It generates 40% of the globe's bio-fuel output as well as about 80% of the saccharin demands. By introducing the E20 program, India's new biofuel policy also emphasizes the manufacturing of biofuels. The 10% ethanol mix in fossil fuels under the Government of India's E10 initiative was successfully finished in March 2022. (ESY 2021-22). According to government estimates, a successful E20 program may reduce import costs by 30,000 crore rupees. Each year, a variety of factors impact cane and sugar output. One of the many biotic and abiotic constraints limiting sugarcane output is insect pests, which cause more than 10% of crop losses globally [6]. The primary biotic agents of this loss in subtropical and tropical regions are top shoot borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis), stalk borer (Chilo infuscatellus Snellen), internode borer (Chilo sacchariphagus indicus). Borers' immediate effects include dead hearts, poor tillering, tunneling of leaves and stalks, stalk breaking, side shoots, and roots; they also cause cane weight loss, eye bud sprouting, and poor juice quality, all of which contribute to output losses. The invasion of opportunistic microorganisms like Fusarium moniliformae [Went] &amp; Colletotrichum falcatum [Sheldon] through the holes of borers is what causes indirect harm. The expense of agriculture is greatly increased by the chemical and biological treatment of these pests. The most effective and affordable pest management strategy is the creation of resistant cultivars. Specifically, interspecific hybridization between Saccharum officinarum, which has a high sugar content, and Saccharum spontaneum L., which includes resistance genes, is the principal method used to generate standard sugarcane cultivars. The transmission of undesirable characteristics together with beneficial features results from this strategy of rearranging the DNA of both parents. To solve this issue, much backcrossing is needed, which is quite challenging and time-consuming. Additionally, at a certain point, crop output and quality can only be increased by using cutting-edge technologies with diverse tissue culture techniques and genetic engineering owing to sugarcane's limited genetic diversity and complex genomic structure. Transgenic technology has a tremendous potential to create borer resistance with the aid of many transformation procedures such as biolistics, electroporation, agrobacterium-mediated, and genome editing tools. The present genomics efforts that are illuminating the structure, function, and interactions of sugarcane genes have the potential to transform crop development initiatives and might prove helpful in breeding superior varieties with desired traits like insect resistance.

We review here the progress that has been achieved using molecular cytogenetics to analyze the genome structure of sugarcane (Saccharum spp) and banana (Musa spp), two crops that are polyploid, of interspecific origin and with chromosomes not distinguishable by their gross morphology. In Saccharum, molecular cytogenetics enabled us to determine the basic chromosome number of two species, Saccharum officinarum and S. spontaneum, involved in the origin of modern cultivars, to quantify the proportion of chromosomes of these species in the genome of modern cultivars, to assess the extent of interspecific chromosome recombination and to clarify the origin of the related species S. barberi. These techniques are also used to monitor introgression with related genera. In Musa, GISH enabled us to differentiate the four genomes involved in banana cultivars and allowed us to determine the genome constitution of several cultivars. FISH was used to analyze the distribution of repeated sequences along the genome.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is the most important sugar-producing crop in the world (Heinz, 1987). In Egypt, sugarcane has been planted since 1850. It is cultivated in four governorates i.e. Aswan, Quena, Sohag and El-Minia. Modern sugarcane cultivars are complex polyploidy, which may contain over 100 chromosomes (Heinz, 1987; Roach and Daniels, 1987). The Egyptian germplasm contain local genotypes and genotypes imported from different breeding stations around the world. Genotypes G.T. 54-9 and G 84-47 were developed and released in Egypt and Phil 8013 cutting was imported and evaluated under Egyptian conditions. Many investigators studied these genotypes under different environmental con- ditions (El-Sogheir et al., 2006; Mohamed and El-Taib, 2007). Genotypes G.T. 54-9, G 84-47 and Phil 8013 differed in their genetic potential for yield and its compo- nents (stalk height, diameter and weight) as well as stalk number, Brix, sucrose%, sugar recovery% and sugar yield (ton/fed). Some genotypes significantly exceeded the check variety in some traits but were lower in other traits (El-Sogheir et al., 2006; Mohamed and El-Taib, 2007). Molecular biology provides additional technology integrated into conventional plant breeding in order to promise faster genetic gains. These new techniques are not intended to replace conventional breeding methods, but rather to facilitate and supplement crop improvement. Molecular screening procedures have yielded great benefits for many sugarcane breeding programs, with regards to disease testing by isozyme and protein analyses; and by DNA markers (Paran et al., 1991; Leon et al., 2001; Alvi et al., 2008; Ahmed and Khaled, 2009). The RAPD or randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (Williams et al., 1990) technique, which is used in this study, allows random amplification of DNA sequences throughout the entire genome and, therefore, is very convenient for genetic diversity. RAPD markers have been successfully used to measure genetic relationships of sugarcane, Saccharum spp (Leon et al., 2001). Moreover, RAPD markers have proved useful in determining genetic relationships among sugarcane cultivars (Leon et al., 2001), in determining genetic difference between resistant and susceptible sugarcane genotypes (Alvi et al., 2008) and in identifying hybrids in a “Saccharum officinarum × Erianthus fulvus’’ cross (Zhang et al., 2008). The aim of the present work was to obtain molecular profiles and determine the quality traits of three sugarcane genotypes used in breeding program of the Sugar Crops Research Institute (SCRI) in order to maximize cane and sugar yields/feddan (fed = 4200 m2).

A new distribution map is provided for Phyllachora sacchari Henn. Hosts: Sorghum spp., Saccharum spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Sierra Leone, ASIA, Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Hong Kong, India (widespread, including Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Mysore, Tamil Nadu), Indonesia, Japan, Kampuchea, Malaysia (S. Peninsular Malaysia; S: Sabah; S: Sarwak), Philippines, Singapore (S), Taiwan, Thailand, AUSTRALASIA &amp; OCEANIA, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, EUROPE, Bulgaria, Italy (Sicily), SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina.

A new distribution map is provided for Scolypopa australis (Walker). Hemiptera: Ricaniidae. Main hosts: passionfruit (Passiflora edulis), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa).

A new distribution map is provided for Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky). Coleoptera: Cerambycidae. Hosts: polyphagous on hardwoods. Main host in China: Populus spp. and Salix spp. Main hosts in North America: Acer spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, UK, England and Wales), Asia (China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Menggu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizhang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu), Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic), North America (Canada (British Columbia, Ontario), USA (California, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Washington)).

<i>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus </i>and<i> Rhynchophorus palmarum</i>