Science, Beauty and the Creative Word

The article is devoted to the study of the Ukrainian accent system. The subject of the analysis was the issue of the analysis methodology for derived words. The article focuses what requires special attention in the study of accentuating derived words; outlined the issues that arise before the accentologist researcher. The expediency of conducting a separate study of accentuation of non-derived and derived words is noted, since for non-derived words the stress pattern and place of stress are not determined by other characteristics of the word, unlike with derived words, the accentuation of which can be influenced by various affixes. It is emphasized that the analysis of verbal stress in the morphological aspect involves the study of the regularities of each part of the language or individual grammatical forms in particular. After all, words of different grammatical classes, formed with the help of the same morphemes, can have different accent characteristics. Various dialectological studies were used to illustrate the accentuation of derived words, in particular, the works of M. V. Nikonchuk "Materials for the lexical atlas of the Ukrainian language (Wesr bank Polissya)" (1979), "West bank Polissia dialects in linguistic and geographical coverage" (2012), as well as the educational and methodological manual of V. M. Moisiyenko and H. I. Hrymasevych "Unity in diversity. Polishchuks" (2018), in which recordings of the dialect speech of the Polishchuks are presented. The study was carried out taking into account the relationship between stress and the morphological structure of the word. In the Ukrainian language, there are a lot of words that have the same accentuation characteristics as creative words. At the same time, there are derived words that do not retain the accent of the original word, since their accentuation characteristics are influenced by prefixes and suffixes. The analysis of accentuation of derived words made it possible to outline those issues that are relevant and require a detailed accentuation study. In particular: "Is the accentuation model of the creative (writing) word preserved?", "Which morphemes and in which grammatical classes drag the stress onto themselves, and which do not affect the mobility of the stress?", "In which direction does the stress move: from the root of the word to the prefix, suffix or vice versa ?", "Does the length of the word affect the place of stress? " etc. It was found out that prefixed, suffixed, prefixed-suffixed words can have different accentuation characteristics in Ukrainian dialects. The differentiation of the Ukrainian dialect continuum based on the accentuation of derived nouns is illustrated.

The features of children’s word creation in one of the series of the animated film “Masha and the Bear” are studied. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the study of the language game on the example of the speech of children’s cartoon characters allows us to obtain new information about the features of children’s word creation in modern media products. It is shown that the authors of the animated series “Masha and the Bear” deliberately use a variety of game techniques to imitate children’s speech. A series is analyzed, which is devoted to playing out the features of the creative activity of children when they master the language. It is noted that the character Masha in this series uses spoonerisms and occasionalisms. Foreign translations of these means of expression into English, French, Spanish and Ukrainian are given. It is shown that not all unusual words that Masha creates are translated in foreign cartoons with exact equivalents. Some of them are replaced by the names of animals, the image of which is more often used in foreign culture. It is concluded that children’s word creation in media content has not been sufficiently studied, while it plays an important role both in reflecting the characteristics of children's speech and in shaping the creative thinking of young viewers.

‘Creative words’ studies how the American South became the home to a vital cultural explosion, seen in such modernist writers as William Faulkner, Richard Wright, and Eudora Welty. Their themes of agrarian life, the memory of the Old South and the Civil War, religious values, the tensions of the biracial society, and the modernization of society connected their literary achievements with southern life itself. Early nineteenth-century writers generally became defenders of slavery against abolitionist attacks. By the 1920s, southern writers were incorporating aspects of modernism into their works. After 1980, a new term, “post-southernism,” became a descriptor for writers living in the most economically prosperous and racially integrated South ever.

6. The Future of a Verse and Concluding Thoughts

The neologization with the popularity of the Internet occurs actively in the contemporary Russian language. Not only mass media but also common people, Internet users contribute significantly. New words from the media discourse get into word creating rates of Internet project “Word of the Year”. On the one hand, ranked lists are the indicators of social changes, on the other hand, they reflect linguocreative potential of people, who participate in lists formation. Creative speech activity relates to language game. One of the main rules of such a game is the understanding of conditions of a certain speech (game) code both by a creator of a word and by an interlocutor. Conducted analysis shows that authors mostly use the model of compressive word creation and it proves high creative potential, freedom of speech behavior and linguistic sense of native speakers, who strive to the self-expression with word creation. New formations created by methods of paronymic attraction and blend words save semantic links with original words. So they have semantic of motivating words in their meaning and have advantage over descriptive constructions. Thus, methods of word creation, which allow describing social and political events of a country or a personal life with a new bright word with evaluative element in it, are popular in the contemporary word creative activity.

In this paper, the term “word creation” refers to all operations for the production of new lexemes which are not covered by regular word formation. It includes the coining of sound symbolic words as well as shortening, alienation, extragrammatical derivation, and blending. These so-called creative techniques are considered as intentional extragrammatical operations in the framework of Natural Morphology. Their linguistic status is discussed in contradistinction to regular grammatical word formation and to unintentional extragrammatical operations occurring, e.g., during language acquisition. The primary functions of word creation are a controlled reduction of transparency, and the production of sound shapes with special characteristics, which are difficult to produce by regular word formation. Typical fields of application are different kinds of (mostly humorous) literary texts, brand names, and others. A comprehensive typology of creative techniques is developed on the basis of a large corpus of German brand names.

This paper dicsusses some features of word creation that this type of lexicogenesis differentiate from word formation (as lexicogenesis by typical morphological processes). The word creation processes that have been analyzed are blending, clipping, and acronimization. As the differential features of these processes, creation (inventivenes), intentionality, and (semantic) nontransperancy, as well as form reduction are presented. The conclusion is that in the case of the opposition between word creation and word formation, it is better to talk about prototypical categories. In this context, creation (inventivenes), intentionality, (semantic) non-transperancy, and form reduction are considered as prototypical features of the word creation processes.

Language is a social phenomenon and changes with the development of society. Neologisms are new words and new expressions which are the cutting edge of language. Neologisms are being invented or introduced every day to express new things and new ideas in society. Scholars usually discuss neologisms from two perspectives: the time perspective and the semantic perspective. Neologisms can be classified according to their functions, their coinage processes, their formation, and their sources. There are three main methods of new word creation: neologisms by rules of word-formation; neologisms by adding new meanings to existing words; neologisms by borrowing words from other languages. Even a single method is quite productive in new word creation.

Given the fact that the vocabulary of a language is constantly enriched to express new objects or concepts and actions or states of being, this article identifies and discusses the different strategies employed by Degema in the creation of words. The article notes that the word creation strategies employed by Degema include affixation, compounding, reduplication, borrowing, clipping and semantic extension. Affixation, compounding, borrowing and semantic extension are observed to be more widespread in the language than reduplication and clipping, which is more commonly found in proper nouns. In addition, the article notes that apart from having a meaning- distinctive function in homonymous lexemes, and the fact that deverbal nouns, such as agentives, gerundives and state nouns, seem to be characterised by the presence of a high-downstepped-high tone pattern which interacts with other word creation processes, tone plays a comparatively minor role in word creation in Degema. A significant observation that this article makes, and which has cross-linguistic implications, is that it is difficult to draw a neat line between inflection and derivation, as certain prefixes and circumfixes in Degema not only create new words, which is a derivational function, but also mark number, which is an inflectional function.

Reviewed by: Yearbook of morphology 1999 ed. by Geert Booij, Jaap van Marle Edward J. Vajda Yearbook of morphology 1999. Ed. by Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001. Pp. 319. ISBN 079236631X. $157.50 (Hb). This Yearbook volume contains eleven articles, five on diachronic aspects of morphology, the rest dealing with miscellaneous topics. The data derives mainly from Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages. Martin Haspelmath is guest editor for the section on diachronic morphology. The articles here focus mainly on the motivation behind morphological change, or on the notion of which formal elements in a word (stem vs. affix, phonological stem trait vs. inflection) actually convey semantic content. Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy’s ‘Umlaut as signans and signatum: Synchronic and diachronic aspects’ (1–23) explores an instance where a phonological trait has come to express informational content. In ‘What sort of thing is a derivational affix? Diachronic evidence from Romanian and Spanish’ (25–52), Martin Maiden makes a similar argument for the function of derivational affixes, which, contrary to some claims (cf. Robert Beard, Lexeme morpheme base morphology, New York: SUNY Press, 1995), are shown not to be semantically vacuous. In ‘The development of “junk”: Irregularization strategies of have and say in the Germanic languages’ (53–74), Damaris NÜbling analyzes how these originally weak verbs became irregular across the various Germanic languages. Elisabetta Magni’s ‘Paradigm organization and lexical connections in the development of the Italian passato remoto’ (75–96) explores cognitive motivations for the development of irregular preterite forms. Elke Ronneberger-Sibold’s ‘On useful darkness: Loss and destruction of transparency by linguistic change, borrowing, and word creation’ (97–120) likewise deals with speaker awareness of phonological processes—a factor that manifests itself in speaker preference for specific types of word formation. The volume’s remaining six articles cover a range of topics, most dealing with cognitive processing. Marco Baroni’s ‘The representation of prefixed forms in the Italian lexicon’ (121–52) uses the distribution of intervocalic [s] and [z] allophones in Northern Italian dialects as evidence for whether speakers have come to regard certain historically prefixed stems as monomorphemic. In ‘On inherent inflection feeding derivation in Polish’ (153–83), Bożena Cetnarowska argues that in certain Polish word forms derivation must be able to follow as well as precede inflection. This raises interesting questions about the notion of lexical stem. In ‘The processing of interfixed German compounds’ (184–220), Wolfgang U. Dressler, Gary Libben, Jacqueline Stark, Christiane Pons, and Gonia Jarema explore the cognitive processing of compound words such as leben-s-lang ‘life-long’. Andrew Hippisley’s ‘Word formation rules in a default inheritance framework: A network morphology account of Russian personal nouns’ (221–61) provides an excellent encapsulation of network morphology, as well as a convincing account of how affix rivalry and exceptionality can be simultaneously accommodated in a theory of word form creation. Steven G. LaPointe’s ‘Stem selection and OT’ (263–97) gives an optimality theory account of stem and affix allomorphy, based on data from a variety of languages, including Korean and Cherokee. The book’s final article, Irit Meir’s ‘Verb classifiers as noun incorporation in Israeli sign language’ (299–319), argues that certain hand gestures bear striking similarities to the properties of certain types of noun incorporation. This excellent study is a welcome inclusion here for the new dimension it adds to understanding the essence of morphological structure shorn of the epiphenomenon of sound. All of these articles reflect the ‘cutting edge’ of morphological research, making this volume, like its predecessors in the same series, an important acquisition for any linguist or librarian serious about keeping pace with morphological theory. Edward J. Vajda Western Washington University Copyright © 2005 Linguistic Society of America

Nikolai Leskov is known for his love of language game, puns, rarely used words and word creation — he usually employs all these tactics for constructing a narrator’s image. One of his most poorly studied works is of particular interest in this regard. Notes of the Unknown (1884) is a collection of short anecdotes, mainly from the life of the clergy. In this particular series, Leskov, while imitating someone else’s speech, also bares the narrator’s hypocrisy and turns his clerical rhetoric into an object of parody, the purpose of which is to indicate the need for the transition from state Orthodoxy to “spiritual Christianity” and for the revitalization of a dead word.

This study aims to describe the development of students' ability to design creative words with cultural wisdom. The source of research data is the ability to string creative words together and design a setting for words with Jambi cultural wisdom. Data analysis techniques were collected with creative, unique, interesting, and valuable words. The analysis of ability data was carried out individually and then analyzed based on the average percentage value of making a series of creative words and designing a word background of Jambi cultural wisdom. The results of the study can be stated as follows: the ability of each student and group to assemble words and design the background of Jambi cultural wisdom is at the level of 'good' ability, and the ability of sales strategies and sales targets is generally 'very good'. Thus, it is suggested, this learning can be a reference for students interested in language-based creative industries.

Although the concept of the performative has influenced literary theory in numerous ways, this book represents one of the first full-length studies of performative language in literary texts. Creating States examines the visionary poetry of John Milton and William Blake, using a critical approach based on principles of speech-act theory as articulated by J.L. Austin, John Searle, and Emile Benveniste. Angela Esterhammer proposes a new way of understanding the relationship between these two poets, while at the same time evaluating the role of speech-act philosophy in the reading of visionary poetry and Romantic literature. Esterhammer distinguishes between the 'sociopolitical performative,' the speech act which is defined by a societal context and derives power from institutional authority, and the 'phenomenological performative,' language which is invested with the power to posit or create because of the individual will and consciousness of the speaker. Analysing texts such as The Reason of Church-Government, Paradise Lost, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, and Jerusalem, Esterhammer traces the parallel evolution of Milton and Blake from writers of political and anti-prelatical tracts to poets who, having failed in their attempts to alter historical circumstances through a direct address to their contemporaries, reaffirm their faith in individual visionary consciousness and the creative word - while continuing to use the forms of a socially or politically performative language.

Grundtvigs View of the Growth of Man: From the Beginning of Human Life to its Perfectionby Lise Brandt FibigerGrundtvig never discusses growth in the sense of bodily growth only or Christian growth only. On the contrary, he always speak of the growth of natural man and of the growth of natural and recreated man, in the sense that natural man is the person who has within him a living faith in God as the Creator, and who enjoys a childlike trust in God. Man is not natural unless he acknowledges his creation. Natural man grows in body and soul, and the natural human life is the absolute prior condition for re-creation to occur. Re-creation takes place in baptism, where man receives Jesus as his brother, and the child’s condition in his relationship with God. The natural man does not lose his significance, for the baptized man is natural and re-created, and growth now occurs according to the same order of things. By insisting that the natural and the re-created human life are a unity Grundtvig avoids a «oiritualization of the Christian life. Growth takes place here and now, in and thiough natural human life. When the child is baptized and has assumed the child’s conditions and Jesus as his brother, God’s Word and Spirit can take root in his heart. As the creative word and spirit God’s Word and Spirit have been in the heart before baptism - now this creative word and spirit are united with the redeeming Word and Spirit. So it is not a new Word and a new Spirit that has entered into existence, but rather a development of them. From the Word and the Spirit in the heart grow faith, hope and love. This traid also belonged to the natural human life; this triad is also developed; and it is with this triad that man grows. But growth does not come of its own accord. Just as man in the natural life must have nourishment in order to grow, so must the natural and re-created man be nourished, and thus whoever is baptized must come to Holy Communion and there get the nourishment to continue his growth. Nourishment is necessary because only through the church service does growth continue unhampered. In life there are still obstacles; man loses faith in his creation and re-creation. If growth is not to stop completely, whoever is baptized must join in the service, where he is able to grow again and where he is nourished and strengthened. Growth cannot be spiritualized, for it is not a Sundays-only growth but an everyday growth. It is not a growth away from the world but a growth in the world in which God’s Kingdom is reflected.

In morphology, the formation of new words is based on the word-formation process. The word-formation process itself is the concept of how new words can be formed. Several processes underlie the formation of new words in a language. This theory is based on Yule (2010). A comprehensive analysis requires answers to questions. 1. How new words are formed in Indonesian language communication, 2. What formations are dominant in the formation of new words? Observation serves as a data collection tool. The author collects new words to determine the natural word formation conditions used in communication and to identify the process of word formation without the intervention of the researcher. Finally, they are classified according to the process of word formation. This study uses data triangulation to ensure the research obtains valid data. The first-word formation process is blending which dominates the formation of new words in Indonesian with 13 processes found. The second process that dominates is the acronym with 8 found processes. The clipping process also includes the most processes in the formation of new words with 5 processes. The creation of new words found is not only blending, acronyms and clipping but also borrowing processes with 3 processes and compounding with 1 process. The first-word formation process is blending which dominates the formation of new words in Indonesian with 13 processes found. The second process that dominates is the acronym with 8 found processes. The clipping process also includes the most processes in the formation of new words with 5 processes. The creation of new words found is not only blending, acronyms and clipping but also borrowing process with 3 processes and compounding with 1 process.