Schematic Overview of the Leniency Programmes from Korea, Japan, Singapore, China, India, Taiwan, Malaysia, Hong Kong and the Philippines

Expressing Emotions in Social Robotics - A Schematic Overview Concerning the Mechatronics Aspects and Design Concepts

CPAK oversimplifies the complex 3D anatomy of the bony knee: Role of 3D CT for improved analysis - a schematic overview.

Additional figures and tables from <i>TFAP2E</i> Methylation and Expression Status Does Not Predict Response to 5-FU-based Chemotherapy in Colorectal Cancer

Background Reticulated platelets (RPs) are young, hyper-reactive thrombocytes that contain more RNA compared with mature platelets (MPs). The measurement of RPs level in peripheral blood with point-of-care systems is fast, reproducible, and inexpensive. Elevated RPs in peripheral blood predict adverse events in patients with acute and chronic coronary syndrome through unknown mechanisms. Preliminary transcriptome analyses reported an enrichment of pro-thrombotic transcripts. However, proteomic analyses are not available, and the biological features of RPs are largely unknown. Purpose We aimed to perform the largest proteomic characterization of RPs using mass cytometry with single-cell resolution in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) undergoing dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Methods Thrombocytes from peripheral blood of CCS patients were isolated, prepared for mass cytometry (CyTOF) and stained with a custom-made CyTOF-panel of 20 antibodies targeting important transmembrane proteins (anti-CD9, anti-CD29, anti-CD31, anti-CD36-, anti-CD40, anti-CD41, anti-CD42a, anti-CD42b-, anti-CD47, anti-CD61, anti-CD62P-, anti-CD63, anti-CD69, anti-CD107a, anti-CD154, anti-GPVI, antiGPIIb/GPIIIa complex, anti-Par1, anti-PEAR-1 and the negative control anti-CD3 coupled with different metal isotopes). Two samples were prepared from each donor: one baseline sample (non-stimulated platelets) and one sample stimulated with 10 μM thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP). According to previous experiences and common practice, we detected RPs and MPs based on their RNA content. We analyzed the results with a custom bioinformatic pipeline. Results 13 patients with CCS on DAPT were included in this study. Mass cytometry highlighted an expression heterogeneity of relevant transmembrane proteins in thrombocytes of CCS patients (Figure 1A-B colored according to expression level: from blue-low to red-high). CyTOF detected an upregulation of important transmembrane receptors in RPs compared to MPs in quiescent platelets: GPVI (p<0.0001), PAR-1 (p<0.0001), GPIX (p<0.0001), and GPIbα (p<0.0001, Figure 1C). After TRAP-stimulation, RPs expressed higher levels of the activation markers P-Selectin (p=0.0016) and LAMP-3 (CD63, p<0.0001) compared to MPs confirming RPs hyperactivity (Figure 1D). Conclusion We here describe the first biological proteomic characterization with single-cell resolution of RPs biology in CCS patients. The upregulation of the activation markers P-Selectin and LAMP-3 as well as of specific transmembrane proteins as the collagen receptor GPVI and the thrombin receptor PAR-1 in patients treated with DAPT (schematic overview in Figure 2) provides the first solid biomolecular explanation of RPs hyper-reactivity and involvement in cardiovascular disease. Moreover, these results offer unexplored therapeutic targets to tailor antiplatelet therapy based on platelet protein expression in patients with elevated RPs Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Figure 1. Platelet expressionFigure 2. Schematic overview

Additional figures and tables from <i>TFAP2E</i> Methylation and Expression Status Does Not Predict Response to 5-FU-based Chemotherapy in Colorectal Cancer

The ROSA26-iPSC Mouse: A Conditional, Inducible, and Exchangeable Resource for Studying Cellular (De)Differentiation

Keywords: : steady-stategranulopoiesisneutrophil homeostasisG-CSFmesenchymal stem cellsTLR signalinginnate immunitycommensal flora

Numerous truth commissions of different types are being created around the world. The purpose of this schematic overview is to study the variety and to sketch out the differences and similarities between the different truth commissions established since the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa launched in 1995.

Recently, academic research and industries have gained awareness about the economic, environmental, and social impacts of conventional plastic packaging and its disposal. This consciousness has oriented efforts towards more sustainable materials such as biopolymers, paving the way for the “green era” of food packaging. This review provides a schematic overview about polymers and blends of them, which are emerging as promising alternatives to conventional plastics. Focus was dedicated to biopolymers from renewable sources and their applications to produce sustainable, active packaging with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In particular, the incorporation of plant extracts, food-waste derivatives, and nano-sized materials to produce bio-based active packaging with enhanced technical performances was investigated. According to recent studies, bio-based active packaging enriched with natural-based compounds has the potential to replace petroleum-derived materials. Based on molecular composition, the natural compounds can diversely interact with the native structure of the packaging materials, modulating their barriers, optical and mechanical performances, and conferring them antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Overall, the recent academic findings could lead to a breakthrough in the field of food packaging, opening the gates to a new generation of packaging solutions which will be sustainable, customised, and green.

<p>(A) Genes deleted from the genome of the prototrophic wild type (WT) strain of <i>Escherichia coli</i> to yield mutants that are auxotrophic for the amino acids arginine or lysine (AUX1, AUX2), a mutant that overproduces a mixture of both amino acids (OP), and cross-feeding genotypes that are auxotrophic for one, yet produce increased amounts of the respective other amino acid (CF1, CF2). (B,C) Experimentally determined growth performance of all focal genotypes in response to different concentrations of the amino acids (B) arginine and (C) leucine. Amino acids were applied in a mixture of amino acids mimicking the blend of amino acids produced by the overproducer. Growth rate (<i>μ</i>) per hour is the experimentally determined Malthusian parameter during 24h of growth. Lines represent fitted Monod kinetics for auxotrophic and cross-feeding genotypes and the calculated mean for the prototrophic (WT) strain (red) as well as the genotype overproducing amino acids (blue). See <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004986#pcbi.1004986.s007" target="_blank">S1 Text</a> and <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004986#pcbi.1004986.s004" target="_blank">S3 Fig</a> for further information.</p>

The fundamental role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in many cortical functions has been firmly defined, as has its involvement in a number of neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, until recently very little was known about the anatomical localization of NMDA receptors in the cerebral cortex of mammals. The recent application of molecular biological techniques to the study of NMDA receptors has provided specific tools which have greatly expanded our understanding of the localization of NMDA receptors in the cerebral cortex. In particular, immunocytochemical studies on the distribution of cortical NMDA receptors have shown that NMDA receptors are preferentially localized on dendritic spines, have disclosed an unknown fraction of presynaptic NMDA receptors on both excitatory and inhibitory axon terminals, and demonstrated that cortical astrocytes do express NMDA receptors. These studies suggest that the effects induced by the activation of NMDA receptors are not due solely to the opening of NMDA channels on neuronal postsynaptic membranes, as previously assumed, but that the activation of presynaptic and glial NMDA receptors may mediate part of these effects.

Advanced biomaterials in hip joint arthroplasty. A review on polymer and ceramics composites as alternative bearings

The reasons underlying the differential tolerance of Actinidia spp. to the pandemic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) have not yet been elucidated. We hypothesized that differential plant-defence strategies linked to transcriptome regulation, phytohormonesand primary metabolism might be key and that Actinidiachinensis susceptibility results from an inefficient activation of defensive mechanisms and metabolic impairments shortly following infection. Here, 48 h postinoculation bacterial density was 10-fold higher in A. chinensis var. deliciosa than in Actinidiaarguta, accompanied by significant increases in glutamine, ornithine, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) (up to 3.2-fold). Actinidiaarguta showed decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (0.7-fold), no changes in primary metabolites, and 20 defence-related genes that were only differentially expressed in this species. These include GLOX1, FOX1, SN2 and RBOHA, which may contribute to its higher tolerance. Results suggest that A. chinensis' higher susceptibility to Psa is due to an inefficient activation of plant defences, with the involvement of ABA, JA and SA, leading to impairments in primary metabolism, particularly the ammonia assimilation cycle. A schematic overview on the interaction between Psa and genotypes with distinct tolerance is provided, highlighting the key transcriptomic and metabolomic aspects contributing to the different plant phenotypes after infection.

Editing the “Melancholy Project”: A Schematic Overview

The metabolism of maltose and the use of electron acceptors has been investigated in strains of lactobacilli which are known to be stable elements in sourdoughs, which, traditionally, have been used for a long time. The metabolic features ofLactobacillus sanfrancisco have been described by us in a previous communication. Similar principles have been detected for the competitiveness ofL. pontis, L. reuteri, L. fermentum andL. amylovorus, as well as species-specific characteristics. Based on these findings the metabolic key reactions have been identified and the use of electron acceptors present in sourdough are presented in a schematic overview. In contrast toL. sanfrancisco, these species can not use oxygen as an electron acceptor, and the length of their lag phase was not affected by agitation. Malate and fumarate were reduced to succinate, and fructose was used, depending on the species, as an electron acceptor, carbon source or both. All heterofermentative sourdough lactobacilli efficiently split maltose using maltose phosphorylase. Glucose was excreted, which induced glucose repression in competing indigenous micro-organisms, without affecting the maltose metabolism of sourdough lactobacilli. Lactobacilli generate additional adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) from acetyl phosphate in the presence of electron acceptors. These special features are suggested to represent a general principle which accounts for the prevalence of specific heterofermentative lactobacilli which are propagated over long periods present in sourdough fermentations.