Abstract
Background: In this era, worldwide interest has been directed towards using natural antioxidants to guard against drug side effects. Saussurea lappa is a famous medicinal plant with many biologically active compounds. Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is an extensively used glucocorticoid. Hence, this study explored, for the first time, the possible beneficial effects of S. lappa ethanolic extract on TA-induced oxidative damage in the lung and spleen of rats. Methods: Five experimental groups were used: control group, S. lappa-treated group (600 mg/kg/day, orally), TA-treated group (40 mg/kg/twice/week I/P), S. lappa + TA co-treated group, and S. lappa/TA prophylactic group. Results: TA exposure significantly induced leukocytosis and neutrophilia. In addition, TA significantly reduced the levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor α, and immunoglobulins. Lung Caspase-3 overexpression and splenic CD8+ downregulation were also noted in the TA group. TA treatment significantly increased malondialdehyde concentration but reduced superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. S. lappa counteracted the TA oxidative and apoptotic effects. The best results were recorded in the prophylactic group. Conclusions: S. lappa has a remarkable protective effect via its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant capacity. Thus, it could be a candidate as a natural antioxidant to face glucocorticoid’s harmful side effects.
Highlights
Various studies have highlighted the implication of oxidative stress in adverse side effects associated with drug use [1,2]
The data demonstrated that the extract contained 26 components, which were dominated by dehydrocostuslactone
The activity of the Caspase-3 in the lung tissue was augmented by triamcinolone acetonide (TA) administration, as observed in Figure 6C that was manifested enzyme in the lung tissue was augmented by TA administration, as observed in Figure 6C that was by strong immunoreactivity compared to the rats in both control and S. lappa-alone-treated groups, manifested by strong immunoreactivity compared to the rats in both control and S
Summary
Various studies have highlighted the implication of oxidative stress in adverse side effects associated with drug use [1,2]. One of the widely used medicinal plants is Saussurea lappa (S. lappa), family Asteraceae, which is commonly known as Costus. Sesquiterpene lactones such as costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, and cynaropicrin are the main constituents of S. lappa [8]. Cynaropicrin in the inflammatory response inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and NO and proliferated lymphocytes CD4+ and CD8+ via conjugation with sulfhydryl groups of target proteins [13]. In this era, worldwide interest has been directed towards using natural antioxidants to guard against drug side effects. Methods: Five experimental groups were used: control group, S. lappa-treated group (600 mg/kg/day, orally), TA-treated group (40 mg/kg/twice/week I/P), S. lappa + TA co-treated group, and S. lappa/TA prophylactic group
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