Abstract
Sardis is located on the northern foothills of Tmolos Mountains in western Anatolia. It was the capital of the Lydian Kingdom until its defeat by the Persians in 547 BCE. The city became the western capital of the Seleucid Empire in 280 BCE. The Lydian city featured massive fortifications with terraced structures. Hellenistic and Roman Sardis followed the organic planning principles of its predecessor, never adopting the grid plan. The foremost monument of the ancient city is the Temple of Artemis, the largest pseudodipteros of the ancient world, started under the Seleucids (ca. 280-260 BCE) and completed under Hadrian.
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