Abstract
The study aim was to investigate the potential of salivary biochemical assessments to determine smoking cessation in patients under smoking cessation programs. The study validated smoking behavior and degree of nicotine dependence using Fagerström test for nicotine dependence in smokers and non-smokers. Protein components were examined using Raman spectroscopy. Salivary matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8) levels were analyzed using Quantikine human total MMP-8 immunoassay-kits. Thiocyanate (SCN−) concentrations, peroxidase and glutathione-peroxidase activities were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Human mononuclear cell line was examined for M1 polarization. The data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test and two-tailed paired t-test at α = 0.05. Amide I peak in smoker group was significantly reduced as compared to non-smokers (p < 0.05). Sulfhydryl bond, dialkyl disulfides SS-stretch and corresponding disulphide bond at 500−545 cm-1 were significantly increased in smokers (p < 0.05). The CH2 wag showed higher intensity amongst smoker group representing a recoil of carbon atoms. Salivary MMP-8 levels of participants after smoking cessation was significantly lower than smoking salivary levels (p < 0.05). The SCN− and peroxidase concentrations were significantly higher in smoking group whereas an M1 polarization was seen in non-smokers. Salivary biochemical analysis can aid clinicians to verify smoking cessation in patients under smoking cessation programs.
Highlights
The study aim was to investigate the potential of salivary biochemical assessments to determine smoking cessation in patients under smoking cessation programs
Amide I peak in smoker group was significantly reduced as compared to non-smokers (p
Salivary matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8 levels of participants after smoking cessation was significantly lower than smoking salivary levels (p
Summary
The study aim was to investigate the potential of salivary biochemical assessments to determine smoking cessation in patients under smoking cessation programs. Saliva is a multi-constituent fluid which can be collected by non-invasive means and has considerable potential for surveillance of general health through biochemical profiling [1]. It contains several proteins, peptides, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), antibacterial enzymes, growth factors, and immunoglobulins that have specific functions towards health and disease [2, 3]. Salivary biochemical assessments can be a potential marker to discern risk factors that eventually mediates a pathogenic effect. The nicotine-mediated metabolites can be a potential biochemical marker to identify the smoking habits extent, addiction and cessation. There is a need to identify the biochemical parameters that can distinguish between smoking patterns
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