Salinity stress enhances protein content and amino acid profile in Gracilaria cornea (Rhodophyta).

Thus, the aim of this study was to answer three scientific questions: (1) Are the protein content and amino acid profile of dried salted cod influenced by species (Gadus morhua and Gadus macrocephalus)? (2) Are the protein content and amino acid profile of dried salted cod influenced by the geographical area of capture (Iceland and Norway)? and (3) Does the amino acid profile have the potential to be used as a discriminator of species and geographical areas of capture? A total of 45 dried salted cods (2-3 kg of dry weight; n = 15 samples/origin) were used in this study. The Atlantic cod was fished in the Atlantic northeast (FAO 27 area) within the Exclusive Economic zones (EEZ) of Norway (n = 15) and Iceland (n = 15), while the Pacific cod was caught in the Pacific northeast (FAO 67 area) within the Alaska EEZ (n = 15). Total protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, in accordance with the AOAC procedures. The amino acid profile was analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection (at excitation and emission wavelengths of 338 and 425 nm, respectively). The Atlantic cod presented higher contents of total protein (33.90 versus 33.10 g/100 g of cod edible portion; p = 0.017) and total amino acid contents (32.52 versus 32.04 g/100 g of cod edible portion; p = 0.015) but displayed lower percentage of indispensable amino acids (32.16 versus 32.83 g/100 g of protein; p < 0.001) than Pacific cod. Among the Atlantic cod harvesting locations, the Norwegian cod displayed higher total amino acid contents (96.91 versus 96.81 g/100 g of protein; p = 0.012) and higher percentage of indispensable amino acids (35.38 versus 28.94 g/100 g of protein; p = 0.042) than the Icelandic counterpart. A correct classification of 100% was obtained for the Pacific and Icelandic cod varieties, but the classification accuracy in the Norwegian cod was of just 86.67%, since 2 samples out of 15 were incorrectly classified as Icelandic. The comparison of cod species showed that the Atlantic cod had a significantly lower EAAI than the Pacific cod (p < 0.001; 88.23 versus 88.61). On the other hand, the comparison of the two origins in the Atlantic cod, showed that Norwegian cod displayed a significantly higher EAAI than the Icelandic cod (99.15 versus 77.32). The assessment of the EAAI allows the classification of the protein's nutritional quality, allowing us to classify both cod species as a good protein source to human diet. However, within the Atlantic cod, the Norwegian cod's protein is classified as high quality, while the Icelandic cod attain the classification of useful quality. Regarding the amino acid profile discriminatory potential to classify cod samples. The results show that the AA profile has 100% accuracy in the separation of cod species, but was not globally efficient in the differentiation of the Norwegian from the Icelandic cod.

Study on impact of habitat degradation on proximate composition and amino acid profile of Indian major carps from different habitats

Wild mushrooms can be an important source of protein and essential amino acids, however very little is known about the environmental factors affecting the content of these compounds. In our study, we investigated the influence of soil properties (soil type, C/N ratio, pH) and tree stand characteristics (tree diversity, canopy cover, understory cover, and the proportion of deciduous trees) on total protein and essential amino acids (Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Lysine, Methionine, Arginine, Histidine) contents in seven wild-growing mushroom species (Macrolepiota procera, Rhodocolybia butyracea, Russula cyanoxantha, R.heterophylla, Lactifluus vellereus, Armillaria mellea s.l., and Xerocomellus chrysenteron). Our study showed that the identity of mushroom species determines, to a large extent, the protein content and the amino acid profile of the mushrooms. The highest protein content was revealed in X. chrysenteron, M. procera and R. butyracea. Effects of environmental factors were weaker and species specific. The protein content in X. chrysenteron was mainly influenced by soil type (Cambisols vs. Luvisols) and soil characteristics (positively by C/N ratio and negatively by soil pH). In L. vellereus the protein content was negatively influenced by stand characteristics (canopy cover, understory cover, and tree diversity). In M. procera the protein content decreased with decreasing understory cover, while for all the other studied species, the effects of environmental factors were negligible. Similarly, the amino acid profiles were not affected by any environmental factors, however, they seem to be consistent with ecological roles of the species (ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, parasitic fungi). This last result requires further investigation.

The presence of genetic diversity is essential for quality improvement to achieve balanced protein and amino acid levels in sorghum. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity present among selected South African sorghum genotypes for protein and amino acid content and to select candidate lines for breeding or direct production. Fifty nine selected South African sorghum genotypes grown at two localities were analysed for crude protein content using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Nineteen genotypes with high crude protein content from each location were selected and analysed for amino acid profiles using protein hydrolysates. The crude protein content of the genotypes varied from 7.69 to 16.18% across the two sites with a mean of 13.07%. The genotypes that had high crude protein content at both sites were Mammopane, AS16 M1, Macia-SA, AS19, Maseka-a-swere, and AS4. The genotype AS16cyc was the best candidate for high phenylananine content at 5.99%. Overall, the studied lines had great variability in their protein and amino acid profiles. Accessions with high protein content or amino acid values can be used in sorghum breeding programmes to increase grain nutritional quality.

The protein content and amino acid profile of Anchote (Coccinia abyssinica) leaves and tubers were determined from ten different accessions taken from Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid profile was analyzed using performic acid oxidation and acid hydrolysis by ninhydrin‐derivatized analysis with amino acid analyzer. Crude protein content of Anchote tuber ranged from 10.70% ± 0.26% to 13.72% ± 0.10%, whereas the crude protein content in leaves were ranged between 30.38 ± 0.01% (“240407‐1”) and 35.42 ± 0.05% (“223109‐1”). Total amino acid content ranged from 45.12 to 62.89 and 67.31 to 75.69 g/100 g protein for tuber and leaf samples, respectively. The mean values of essential, conditionally essential and nonessential amino acids were 37.22 & 36.79%; 28.62 & 24.10%; and 34.16 & 39.11% for tubers and leaves, respectively. Arginine in tubers and glutamic acid in leaves ranked the highest of all amino acids; while the least dominant essential amino acid was methionine in both parts. Among the essential amino acids, leucine was dominant in all accessions tested with values ranged from 3.12 to 5.32 g/100 g protein in tubers and from 5.15 to 5.65 g/100 g protein in leaves. In general, the average amino acid content was higher in the leaves (71.08 g/100 g protein) compared to the tubers (51.11 g/100 g protein). The nutritional quality of Coccinia abyssinica leaves and tubers range as follows: total essential amino acids (TEAA)/ total amino acids (TAA) (37.57 & 36.82%), TEAA/total non‐essential amino acids (TNEAA) ratio (0.60 & 0.58), The predicted protein efficiency ratio (P‐PER) (1.22 & 1.80), Essential amino acid index (EAAI) (35.28 & 53.93%), Predicted biological value (P‐BV) (26.76 & 47.09%), Nutritional index (4.11 & 17.71%), and Amino acid score (73 & 108) for tuber and leaf sample, respectively. A significant variability was observed in protein and amino acid profile among accessions and plant parts, and the leaf part were found to be richer in protein content and associated nutritional quality.

Lichens are a stable, self-regulating association of fungus and algae or cyanobacteria. The composition of photobionts is associated with certain taxonomic groups of lichens. The most common groups of lichen photobionts are green algae and cyanoprokaryotes. Being well adapted, lichens play a prominent role in the Antarctic flora. The purpose of work is to study the nitrogen-containing composition of lichen thalli in the Antarctic flora. The samples of thalli were collected by doctor of biological sciences M.P.Andreev (Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences) the January–April of 2015, 2016 and 2018 in different regions of the Antarctic. 11 lichen species with different photobiont type, including algae and/or cyanobacteria and belonging to the families Cladoniaceae, Parmeliaceae, Sphaerophoraceae, Ochrolechiaceae, Umbilicariaceae, Stereocaulaceae, Pannariaceae, and Collemataceae, were analysed. The work includes the data on the content of total nitrogen, soluble protein, free and protein amino acids in thalli of representatives of the Antarctic zone. There is a significant species variability by the content of total nitrogen, soluble protein, protein and free amino acids between thalli of Antarctic lichens. The studied parametersare foundfor a high variation coefficient. The median values of the samples for the content of amino acids differ from the mean values, which indicate a slight shift in the normalcy of the primary data distribution. Lichens with cyanoprokaryoteshave been identifiedto be prominent through a higher content of total nitrogen and protein amino acids compared to lichens with green algae as photobiont. The content of protein and free amino acidsis found to be closely correlatedwith the concentration of total nitrogen in thalli, whereas the correlation between the content of soluble protein and total nitrogen, as well as soluble protein and the sum of PAA and FAA is statistically insignificant. In general, the results obtained significantly deepen and expand the knowledge on the ecological and biological features of Antarctic lichens and their role in the nitrogen cycle of ecosystems.

Simple SummaryProtein-rich insects are becoming more popular as livestock feed alternatives to fish and soy meal. A variation of different diets was used to rear mealworm larvae for the purpose of influencing their chemical composition. How dietary protein content affects larval protein and amino acid composition and growth rate was primarily investigated. Experimental diets used wheat bran as the control substrate, while different types of flour, notably pea protein, rice protein, sweet lupine, and cassava, along with potato flakes, were mixed with the wheat bran. Each substrate and larva were then analyzed for moisture, protein, and fat content, as well as the amino acid profile. A supplementation of pea and rice protein was determined to be most beneficial in terms of high protein yield and lower fat content in larvae. Cassava flour and wheat bran mixed together produced the highest amount of amino acid and essential amino acid content. Additionally, dietary fats and carbohydrates were found to have a greater influence on larval composition than protein content. This research could improve future formulations of artificial diets for Tenebrio molitor larvae.The use of insects as livestock feed is becoming increasingly accepted because they provide an important source of protein. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.) reared on a range of diets that differed in nutritional composition. Focus was placed on the influence of dietary protein content on larval protein and amino acid composition. For the experimental diets, wheat bran was chosen as the control substrate. The following types of flour-pea protein, rice protein, sweet lupine, and cassava, as well as potato flakes, were mixed with wheat bran and used as the experimental diets. An analysis of the moisture, protein, and fat content was then carried out for all diets and larvae. Furthermore, the amino acid profile was determined. It was shown that supplementing the feed with pea and rice protein was most suitable in terms of high protein yield in larvae (70.9–74.1% dry weight) with low fat content (20.3–22.8% dry weight). The total amino acid content was highest in larvae that were fed with a mixture of cassava flour and wheat bran (51.7 ± 0.5% dry weight), as well as the highest content of essential amino acids (30.4 ± 0.2% dry weight). Moreover, a weak correlation between larval protein content and diet was identified, yet a stronger influence of dietary fats and carbohydrates on larval composition was found. This research could result in improved formulations of artificial diets for Tenebrio molitor larvae in the future.

Seaweeds are a recognized source of bioactive compounds and techno-functional ingredients. However, its protein fraction is still underexplored. The aim of this study was to determine the total and free amino acid profile and protein content of four seaweeds species (Porphyra dioica, Porphyra umbilicalis,Gracilaria vermiculophylla, and Ulva rigida) produced in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system, while assessing their protein quality. Samples were submitted to acid and alkaline hydrolysis (total amino acids) and to an aqueous extraction (free amino acids) followed by an automated online derivatization procedure, and analyzed by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. Protein-, non-protein and total-nitrogen were quantified by the Kjeldahl method. Crude and true protein contents were estimated based on the nitrogen and amino acid composition. Protein quality was assessed based on the amino acids profile. Porphyra species presented the highest protein content compared to the remaining three seaweed species tested. All samples presented a complete profile of essential amino acids and a high quality protein profile, according to World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization standards. Methionine and tryptophan were the first limiting amino acids in all species. Red species (Porphyra and Gracilaria) presented high levels of free alanine, glutamic, and aspartic acids. The results highlight the potential of using seaweeds as an alternative and sustainable source of protein and amino acids for human nutrition and industrial food processing.

Effect of light condition on the growth performance and biochemical compositions of post-mating female mud crab (Scylla paramamosain)

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of thigh meat from 4 Polish geese varieties. Protein, fat, and cholesterol content, as well as amino acid and fatty acid profiles, were determined. Based on the percentage of amino acid in protein and fatty acids in meat lipids, the health lipid indices were calculated. The experimental material covered thigh muscles from 17-week-old Kartuska (Ka), Suwalska (Su), Lubelska (Lu), and Kielecka (Ki) geese reared in a semi-intensive system. Muscle protein content did not differ significantly between varieties. The protein content of the Ka, Su, Lu, and Ki goose meat was deemed high-value as it contained all the essential amino acids in the proportions consistent with standard protein values. The muscles of all the researched geese varieties were characterized by a high level of Lys, which indicates that this meat is a good source of it (AASLys 240–280%). Current findings showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)/saturated fatty acids (SFA) and PUFA n-6/n-3 ratios in Ka, Su, Lu, and Ki muscles were found to be within the optimum values for human diets. No significant differences were observed in monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) between the analyzed muscles. The meat of Ka and Su contained significantly more lipids than Lu and Ki. A more beneficial amino acid profile was found in Ka meat due to a higher content of PUFA n-3 and the best n-6/n-3 ratio in comparison with other varieties. The muscles of the Ka variety also contained the least cholesterol. However, the Ki goose muscles stood out among other varieties with the least percentage of SFA, the highest share of docosahexaenoic acid (C 22:6 n-3), as well as the most beneficial value of the following indices: UFA/SFA, hypocholesterolemic fatty acid/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratio, and nutritive value index. The thigh muscles of Ka, Su, Lu, and Ki were characterized by an atherogenicity index that met the levels of recommended values (<1) in the diet of a human being, while the thrombogenicity index was slightly higher than the recommended value (<0.5).

The increase in the global demand for fish feed in the last decades has resulted in the over exploitation of natural resources to produce more fishmeal supplies for aquaculture industry. The supply issues and high prices of fishmeal products have raised the incentives to seek for suitable alternatives to replace fishmeal protein. As a by-product of biofuel production process, residual microalgal biomass may be a low cost feed ingredient to the aquaculture diet. The potential of the use of a post lipid extraction Chlorella vulgaris/Leptolyngbya sp. Co-Culture (Louisiana co-culture) as a protein source in aquaculture feeds could help offset fishmeal. The objective of this research was to (1) Determine the effect of nutritional and environmental conditions on the Louisiana Co-Culture biochemical composition (2) determine whether the Louisiana co-culture contains the quality and quantity of amino acid profile to be used for aquaculture feed (3) determine the change in the protein content and amino acid profile of the Louisiana co-culture due to the system dilution rate and lipid extraction process (4) determine the cost savings as the residual microalgal biomass incorporates in the aquatic animal diets. The optimum growth condition for the Louisiana co-culture to obtain the highest lipid and protein contents was found at 25°C when the cultures were supplied with 40 mg N L-1 and 530 mg C L-1. The protein and lipid content of the Louisiana co-culture were determined at 26.5±4.39 and 37.3±0.60 percent, respectively on a dry mass basis. The quality of the protein (amino acid profile) of the Louisiana co-culture was not found a function of the lipid extraction process (Chloroform: methanol, 2:1 v/v) although the protein content was affected significantly. The protein content was lower in the residual microalgal biomass. From the theoretical stand point, the Louisiana co-culture can replace up to 41, 6.5, 51, and 7.4 percent of fishmeal protein in the diets of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), hybrid striped sea bass (Morone chrysops× Morone saxatilis), and tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), respectively which will result in a decrease of up to 16, 8.9,37, and 4.5 percent of the costs of their dietary proteins.

Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) is an under-utilized legume with crude protein content and amino acid profile that make it a potential ingredient in the tropics as substitute for fish meal in fish diets. This study assesses the potentials of Jackbean seed meal (JBSM) for partial replacement of fish meal in diets of Clarias gariepinus. Fishmeal in control diet was replaced progressively (10%, 20% 40% and 60%) by raw JBSM, 30-and 60-minute boiled JBSM. Test fish in each tank were fed 3% of their biomass twice daily for 56 days. Fish fed control diet had the best performance (Specific growth rate 1.6; Feed conversion ratio 1.88: Protein efficiency ratio 1.74). Specific growth ratio and PER of fish groups fed test diets were inversely related to the dietary levels of JBSM. The same trend applied to protein and fat contents of the fish carcass. Feed conversion ratio however had the reverse trend. Fish fed diets with up to 20% fishmeal substituted by 60 minute boiled JBSM had protein content similar to those fed the control diets (P

BackgroundAdditional to total protein content, the amino acid (AA) profile is important to the nutritional value of soybean seed. The AA profile in soybean seed is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple interconnected genes and pathways controlling the accumulation of each AA. With a total of 621 soybean germplasm, we used three genome-wide association study (GWAS)-based approaches to investigate the genomic regions controlling the AA content and profile in soybean. Among those approaches, the GWAS network analysis we implemented takes advantage of the relationships between specific AAs to identify the genetic control of AA profile.ResultsFor Approach I, GWAS were performed for the content of 24 single AAs under all environments combined. Significant SNPs grouping into 16 linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks from 18 traits were identified. For Approach II, the individual AAs were grouped by five families according to their metabolic pathways and were examined based on the sum, ratios, and interactions of AAs within the same biochemical family. Significant SNPs grouping into 35 LD blocks were identified, with SNPs associated with traits from the same biochemical family often positioned on the same LD blocks. Approach III, a correlation-based network analysis, was performed to assess the empirical relationships among AAs. Two groups were described by the network topology, Group 1: Ala, Gly, Lys, available Lys (Alys), and Thr and Group 2: Ile and Tyr. Significant SNPs associated with a ratio of connected AAs or a ratio of a single AA to its fully or partially connected metabolic groups were identified within 9 LD blocks for Group 1 and 2 LD blocks for Group 2. Among 40 identified QTL for AA or AA-derived traits, three genomic regions were novel in terms of seed composition traits (oil, protein, and AA content). An additional 24 regions had previously not been specifically associated with the AA content.ConclusionsOur results confirmed loci identified from previous studies but also suggested that network approaches for studying AA contents in soybean seed are valuable. Three genomic regions (Chr 5: 41,754,397–41,893,109 bp, Chr 9: 1,537,829–1,806,586 bp, and Chr 20: 31,554,795–33,678,257 bp) were significantly identified by all three approaches. Yet, the majority of associations between a genomic region and an AA trait were approach- and/or environment-specific. Using a combination of approaches provides insights into the genetic control and pleiotropy among AA contents, which can be applied to mechanistic understanding of variation in AA content as well as tailored nutrition in cultivars developed from soybean breeding programs.

Lobster is one of the important economic commodities for export and local consumption. Panulirus versicolor is a sea water lobster that has tender meat, high protein content, and low fat, cholesterol and salt content. The research was conducted to determine the protein content, amino acid profile and protein quality of fresh lobster bambu (Panulirus versicolor). Parameters tested were protein content, amino acid profile, chemistry score/amino acid score and prediction of the protein efficiency ratio (P-PER). The results showed that the bambu lobster meat has 15,8% protein content, 15 amino acid consists of 9 essential amino acids and 6 non essential amino acids. The highest essential amino acid content was arginine, 12,42%, and the lowest was treonine at 1,7%. The highest non essential amino acid was glutamic acid at 7,06% while the lowest was tyrosine at 1,4%. The limiting amino acid was methionine. The protein quality of the lobster bambu (Panulirus versicolor) is categorized as medium protein quality.

The study examined the protein content and amino acid composition of various commercially available plant-based and meat-based burger patties. The aim of this study was to determine whether plant-based burger patties meet the requirement for essential amino acid content in the human diet. Amino acid profiles were determined using the Amino Acid Analyzer and FAO/WHO guidelines were considered for essential amino acid requirements. In this study, the protein content and amino acid composition of various meat-based burger patties (ABB), including chicken, pork and beef, and plant-based burgers (PBB) were analysed. The results showed that among the plant-based samples, PBB 4 had the highest protein content (24.81 g / 100 g), which was almost equal to that of ABB 1 (26.48 g / 100 g). The most abundant amino acids detected were Glu, Asp, Leu, Lys, Arg, Ser, Pro and Gly, with samples PBB 6, PBB 3 and ABB 1 having the highest concentrations. PBB 1 stood out as a valuable protein source with the highest content of essential amino acids (400.08 mg/g protein) among the plant-based burger patties. Some plant-based burger patties were deficient in essential amino acids, with PBB 3 and PBB 4 having the highest deficiency. The practical value of this study is that it helps people to make informed dietary choices.