Abstract
Saffron is consumed as food and medicine to treat several illnesses. This study elucidates the saffron effectiveness on diabetic parameters in-vitro and combined with resistance exercise in-vivo. The antioxidant properties of saffron was examined. Insulin secretion and glucose uptake were examined by cultured RIN-5F and L6 myotubes cells. The expressions of GLUT2, GLUT4, and AMPKα were determined by Western blot. Diabetic and non-diabetic male rats were divided into: control, training, extract treatment, training + extract treatment and metformin. The exercise and 40 mg/kg/day saffron treatments were carried out for six weeks. The antioxidant capacity of saffron was higher compare to positive control (P < 0.01). High dose of saffron stimulated insulin release in RIN-5F cells and improved glucose uptake in L6 myotubes. GLUT4 and AMPKα expressions increased in both doses of saffron (P < 0.01), whereas GLUT2 not changed (p > 0.05). Serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, insulin resistance, and glycated hemoglobin levels decreased in treated rats compared to untreated (p < 0.01). However, no significant differences were observed in the high-density lipoprotein, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin concentration levels in all groups (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that saffron consuming alongside exercise could improve diabetic parameters through redox-mediated mechanisms and GLUT4/AMPK pathway to entrap glucose uptake.
Highlights
Possibly induce insulin resistance in the skeletal muscles through hexokinase activity inhibition or affect the insulin-signaling pathway
Crocetin reduces adiponectin expression suppression, insulin resistance caused by palmitate[17], increase tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α ), and inhibit leptin expression increase in adipose tissue[18]
The total phenolic content of the samples are expressed in gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of the sample. It indicates that the extract has the high Total phenolic content (TPC) contents (9.02 ± 0.69 mg GAE/g DW) which is in line with previous study reported by[35]
Summary
Possibly induce insulin resistance in the skeletal muscles through hexokinase activity inhibition or affect the insulin-signaling pathway. Crocetin reduces adiponectin expression suppression, insulin resistance caused by palmitate[17], increase tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α ), and inhibit leptin expression increase in adipose tissue[18]. Physical activity affects overall metabolism, especially of blood glucose and lipids. It has a significant value in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, which is often managed by doing exercise modification. Exercise can elevate Foxo[1] expression, further reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), change blood lipid profiles, and further increase insulin sensitivity[19]. The present study aims to establish the effectiveness of saffron on diabetic parameters in-vitro and combined with resistance exercise intervention in-vivo models. Research Design and Method Preparation of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron.
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