Safeguarding science: The centrality of publication ethics

Objective:The policies, methods of research domestic college teachers scientific research evaluation and the current situation of evaluation subject, etc. Guarantee teachers' scientific research evaluation of scientific, objective and fair.Improve the enthusiasm of university teachers in the field of scientific research into and indirectly promote the healthy and orderly development of science and technology resources optimal allocation and scientific research work, thus increasing our country science and technology innovation ability and the comprehensive national strength.

Women in most African societies are routinely engaged in work that provides support and sustenance for themselves and their children, yet restrictions based on the structure of power relations often limit their access to resources. Though well known to Africans generally and to Africanist scholars, these circumstances are frequently ignored by large-scale economic programs, development projects, formal education, and other modern efforts intended to enhance economic and political conditions of life in Africa. 1 The failure to consider the indigenous organization of social and economic activity, especially gender, extends to what Achille Mbembe has identified as a sphere of African contemporary life that has been neglected, involving sexuality, pleasure, and lifestyle. He argues for the study of sex and gender as important sites for the performance of identity because "sex and gender norms have historically been central to the structure of power relations and to the organization of cultural categories in Africa" (2001:7). Despite the burden of responsibility women bear and the obstacles they encounter, they have developed strategies for coping effectively because they do understand the structure of power relations. At individual and institutional levels, African women are taking an active role in adapting to changing circumstances. Central to their efforts are legal processes and institutions, both those defined as "customary" and those of the state. In some instances, they achieve success, and in others, they encounter insurmountable obstacles. Some individuals struggle to enhance their own situation, and others are organizing to effect change in society as a whole. Everywhere, however, women encounter legal practices and institutions that embody power relations. It is this encounter that served as the focus of the conference. Women, Language, and Law in Africa The articles in this volume of Africa Today constitute the second special issue devoted to publication of the papers delivered to the Conference, held at Indiana University, 1 April 2000. 2 The authors take up specific legal issues, organizations, and institutions as they affect women in specific locations in Africa. Addressing questions that range from refugee status to land tenure, [End Page vii] these studies reveal how women are coping with survival and what efforts women are undertaking to exercise citizenship. The focus of the articles in the first special issue of Africa Today, vol. 49.1, was the actual performance of litigation in several different legal settings, with special attention to the role of language. In a close examination of specific cases and selected concepts of law, the articles demonstrate the complexities and ambiguities as well as the gender ideologies that characterize the actual performance of any legal case. Rights, Refugees, Reform, and Resources International agencies, women's organizations, and development workshops take center stage in this issue, as the authors analyze discourse, gender ideologies, and policies as they are enacted within these contexts. At times, these efforts converge with, and at other times they campaign against, customary practices, but the authors' perspectives allow for an exploration of the successes and failures of particular efforts designed to introduce change or strategies employed for survival, all concerned with legal issues. Dorothy Hodgson's paper examines the multinational organization Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF), reviewing its accomplishments since 1990, when it was organized. Emphasizing that it acknowledges the specificity of cultural and socioeconomic conditions that vary from one African state to another, she argues that the organization has successfully implemented a range of concrete programs for the empowerment of women throughout Africa. Continuing to focus on a theme from the first special issue of Africa Today, Hodgson provides a useful overview of the concept of women's rights as human rights. Moreover, she discusses women's activism in Africa and explains the significance of the shift from a language of "need" to the language of "human rights" in activists' discourse. Particularly valuable is her discussion of WiLDAF's integration of regional and international activity with the appropriate efforts in specific...

ABSTRACTSince North Korea’s third nuclear test and the purge of Jang Sung-taek in 2013, there have been strong debates on the future of the Sino-North Korean alliance, on whether it will be maintained or terminated. The definite answer will be obtained in 2021, when the Sino-North Korean alliance treaty is due to be renewed. Based on the structure of great power relations and the history surrounding the Korean peninsula, Xi Jinping is not expected to give up the Sino-North Korean alliance from a strategic point of view. The structure of Sino-North Korean relations can be defined as ‘the Strained Alliance’, in which the tension is in constant existence in the midst of cooperation or ‘the Alliance despite Antagonism or the Adversarial Alliance’. The Chinese policy towards North Korea during the Cold War retained strategic characteristics to adjust great power relations, while North Korean policy towards China searched for security assurance and economic cooperation, taking advantage of balanced power relations among great powers. Both countries, in the frame of great power relations, are obliged to maintain an adversarial alliance based on the compromise between North Korea’s system maintenance and China’s enhancement of its status quo. Xi’s global policy and Sino-American relations aim to form a new type of great power relations. This is in the process of realization through the stabilization policy involving the maintenance of Kim Jong-un’s leadership system in the Korean peninsula, including the Sino-North Korean alliance.

Academic publishing requires peer review evaluation as part of its system. However, the review process reflects its participants' biases. When a work's topic, conclusions, or methodologies challenge conventional wisdom, established paradigms, or political views, then peer review may act as a form of insidious censorship or pressure to change one's topic, interpretations, conclusions, or methods. The effects of unmodified peer review may stifle discovery, hinder the dissemination of new "truths" that challenge conventional wisdom and political taboos, and ramify beyond institutions of knowledge. Scholars may unwittingly perpetuate social problems by impeding the production and diffusion of knowledge. Ethics, selection of reviewers, and appeal procedures need attention.

We present a study that documented the participation of two high school Arab students in Israel in an extended (2‐year) authentic physics inquiry that took place in a regional program located in a Hebrew‐speaking kibbutz high school. The students' first language is Arabic, but they are fluent in Hebrew, and their inquiry was mentored by a Hebrew‐speaking teacher‐research‐mentor (TRM) who speaks very little Arabic. None of the other students in the classroom spoke Arabic. The situational features of this case reflect the complex structure of uneven power relations between Hebrew and Arabic, between kibbutz and Arab schooling in Israel, and between teachers and students. Within this complex structure of uneven power relations, this study aimed to uncover the functions the deployment of Hebrew and Arabic fulfilled for these students during their engagement in the epistemic practices related to their scientific inquiry. The research approach combined ethnography with sociolinguistic discourse analysis of selected episodes. The findings suggest that the students' spontaneous shifts from Hebrew to Arabic while engaged in scientific epistemic practices often reflected challenges that are more sociocultural than linguistic. They imply that merely legitimizing multilingual discourse in monolingual classrooms may not be enough to support equitable science education, particularly when the students are members of a minoritized group. Teachers should be supported in becoming more attentive to their minoritized students' frames of participation, and researchers should be wary of automatically interpreting minoritized students' deployment of their minority language as merely indicating a difficulty expressing their thoughts in the majority language.

You have accessThe ASHA LeaderMake it Work1 Jul 2008Overpayment Notices: Repaying and Avoiding Insurers’ Claims Angela Foehl Angela Foehl Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.MIW.13092008.8 SectionsAbout ToolsAdd to favorites ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Few events strike terror in a provider’s heart like an overpayment notice from a health care insurer. The insurer says it paid too much on your claims and now wants the money back. To avoid this problem, providers must prevent or detect overpayments, know their rights and obligations, and be practical in obtaining resolutions. Economic downswings can pressure health care insurers, including Medicare and Medicaid, to audit providers’ claims with more scrutiny. Miscoding, data-processing errors, and accounting problems heighten the risk of overpayments. Providers should ensure that billing methods comply with insurers’ rules, especially coding with Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. Code services and diagnoses accurately. Use good medical practice management and accounting software. Some providers believe incorrectly that if a claim is paid, the insurer agrees with it. However, insurers may pay simply because software did not catch an impropriety in the claim. This situation may continue until the insurer flags an overpayment and demands repayment. Overpayments can be large. One ASHA member reported a notice for $75,000. Your provider agreement likely addresses overpayments and payback requirements. Providers are responsible for detecting overpayments. If you are overpaid, even on one claim, follow your contract. Report it to the insurer in writing and repay it immediately, if possible. If necessary, negotiate an installment repayment plan you can manage. A certified public accountant (CPA) can set up your books and keep them on track, allowing you to flag payment discrepancies early. If you start a private practice, have a CPA set up the books with reliable, flexible business accounting software. Have a CPA audit your accounts periodically. Solid accounting will match reimbursements with claims to flag payment inconsistencies quickly. What Should I Do? You need to understand fully how the insurer views the overpayment, in order to dispute it. The overpayment notice and supporting documents should explain overpayment factors, such as total amount, billing time frame, cause (problem with codes, fees, services, etc.), repayment period, and deadlines. The insurer should also explain your due process rights to respond to the notice; submit evidence; have representation; a hearing; and an appeal. Forms, directions, and procedures typically are on the insurer’s Web site or in your provider contract and manual. Compare the insurer’s facts and analysis with your own to determine whether you agree with the insurer on any points. You may need to audit claims involved in the overpayment. Consult with an attorney, especially in situations that involve large sums and/or if the insurer intimates that the overpayment is related to your error, legal non-compliance, misconduct, or fraud. In most administrative actions, such as overpayment proceedings, you are allowed to have an attorney or other representative with you to represent your interests. Certain types of non-compliance or misconduct can result in removal from government programs, (Medicare or Medicaid) and other sanctions, even criminal charges. Private insurers, Medicare, and Medicaid offer different ways to dispute and repay overpayments. To dispute the determination, carefully articulate your points of agreement and disagreement in writing. The provider’s process for Medicare appeals is available from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Web site. CMS recently changed its Medicare appeals procedures for claims by both providers and beneficiaries. CMS extended effectiveness of the interim final rule on Medicare Claims Appeal Procedures (CMS-4064-IFC) and delayed the final rule’s publication date to March 1, 2009. The CMS rule (CMS-6032-P) to obtain approval for a Medicare repayment plan (including a hardship determination for an extended repayment plan) is under revision; a final rule is anticipated in 2009. The regulation in effect is 42 C.F.R. Sections 401.601–607. State Medicaid agencies issue providers’ manuals and information, posted on their Web sites. You may also be able to negotiate a repayment plan or settlement with a private insurer. Know your rights, obligations, and action deadlines. Procedures and deadlines may come with your overpayment notice. Put action deadlines on your calendar to contest or pay the overpayment, submit documents, request a hearing, and complete other tasks. Submit a written request for a personal hearing, which is often more convincing than written communication. Request the insurer’s permission to bring your attorney or other representative. Prepare for the hearing, know your case, and keep accurate, detailed notes during the proceedings. Keep detailed records of all communications with the insurer such as time, date, contact name, and points discussed. Send all letters and documents via certified mail with a signature requested. Most states have a form of independent, third-party review for private plans’ decisions. These reviews do not apply to self-funded private plans (those exempt from state law because they are regulated by the federal government under the Employee Retirement and Income Security Act—ERISA) or to Medicare and Medicaid. If you are in a jurisdiction with an independent third-party review organization (IRO) that reviews insurers’ determinations, you may need to complete the entire appellate process with the insurer prior to requesting an IRO review. Mediation and Arbitration Your provider contract may require mediation or arbitration. Either dispute resolution process can be mandatory or discretionary, depending upon the contract. In mediation, a third-party mediator facilitates settling the dispute. The mediator “go-between” communicates each party’s position and settlement offer to the other, to find a mutually agreeable resolution. The parties can agree to a solution put into a written settlement agreement. Most mediation is not binding; either party can quit any time before signing a settlement agreement. Typically, parties that settle agree not to sue in court over the same issue. Arbitration is different. It can be binding or non-binding. Provider contracts may have a mandatory, binding arbitration clause that precludes the provider from suing the insurer. A third-party arbitrator hears the parties, reviews their documents, and then resolves the dispute with a decision. In binding arbitration, both parties accept the arbitrator’s determination as final. Limits Is the insurer legally entitled to collect any portion of the claimed overpayment? Some states have a “look-back” provision to limit how far back a private insurer can go to recoup overpaid claims. An example is New York State’s limit of two years after a physician received the original payment. Contract or state law can impose a limit but private insurer-provider contracts, such as in New York, may not be able to override that limit. There are “look-back” exceptions for provider fraud, intentional misconduct, or abusive billing; self-insured plans; and government programs. Look for terms stating how the overpayment is to be repaid. For example, an insurer may be able to demand a refund or deduct the overpayment from money payable in future to the provider on other claims. Unless you are absolutely sure that you do not owe the asserted overpayment and can prove it, think creatively about how to have enough money accessible for a timely payment of the total or first installment. Find out your timeline, penalties, and tax ramifications to access certificates of deposit (CDs), retirement funds, investments, loans, or other sources of funds. Make a detailed timeline to do important tasks. Professional advisers such as accountants and attorneys can help you contest an overpayment notice, negotiate with an insurer and prepare for repayment, if necessary. Author Notes Angela Foehl, director of private health plans advocacy, can be contacted at [email protected] or 800-498-2071, ext. 5677. 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As a key link in university management, scientific research performance evaluation is a significant guarantee for promoting the orderly development of teachers’ scientific research. However, there still exist some problems in the traditional scientific research performance evaluation of Humanities Teachers in local universities and colleges, such as the lack of independent evaluation of Teachers, the lack of specific evaluation indicators and the malposition of peer experts, Humanities Teachers’ research performance evaluation and the deep integration of big data technology can build a more scientific evaluation system. This study discusses the Enlightenment of big data thinking on the construction of scientific research performance evaluation system of Humanities Teachers in local universities and colleges from three aspects: teacher self-evaluation, index selection and data collection, evaluation process and evaluation method. Through the strategic management tools such as scientific research performance evaluation model and university scientific research performance index database, the perspective evaluation of local universities and colleges is carried out, integrate the most insightful research data and results with the development status of higher education at home and abroad. On the premise of ensuring the security of data and information, let all local universities and colleges benefit from the convenience of big data, in order to gradually move towards a new era of teachers’ scientific research performance evaluation which is based on big data thinking.KeywordsBig dataBig data thinkingHumanities TeachersResearch performance evaluation

LEARNED AND LITERARY WOMEN IN LATE IMPERIAL CHINA AND EARLY MODERN EUROPE Marie Fiorine Bruneau As a feminist scholar engaged in the study of seventeenth-century French literature and culture, I find that looking at the world of learned and literary Chinese women presents both an opportunity and a risk. The opportunity is for cross-cultural comparison on unfamiliar terrain, leading perhaps to a deeper understanding of macro-historical forces shaping female gender. The risk is suggested by Dorothy Ko's essay, which questions the applicability to China of certain Western conceptual frameworks designed to understand events occurring in European history. Undoubtedly this question applies also to Western feminist thinking. A comparison such as I am attempting might therefore turn out to be a nagging reminder that although Eurocentrism is very helpful to understand European history, if one wants to understand China (one of Europe's favorite "others"), one must take the risk of having one's most cherished assumptions shaken. I believe that comparing a specific group of women (learned and literary women of the upper class) in late imperial China and in early modern Europe makes most sense if we do not confine ourselves to the micro-historical framework of two distinct cultures, but also place these cultures in the conceptual context of the macro-historical framework of patriarchy.1 I do not suggest that patriarchy is universal, but only that it seems ubiquitous in the historical societies we know. I use the term patriarchy here, not only to designate a system in which men dominate women, but more precisely one in which men exploit women.2 In this perspective gender relations can be represented by a vertical structure of power relations in which no doubt is left about who dominates and who is dominated. 1Gerda Lerner has convincingly drawn a history of patriarchy which challenges the nineteenth-century mythical notions of Engels concerning the advent of the domination of women by men. According to Lerner, it was not an event, or the outcome of a war, as Engels suggested, but a process that took 2500 years, from approximately 3100 to 600 B.C. See Lerner 1986. It would be interesting to see if and how the history of patriarchy she reconstructs is relevant for China. 2See Walby 1986. Late Imperial China Vol. 13, No. 1 (June 1992): 156-176© by the Society for Qing Studies 156 Learned and Literary Women157 Given these premises, the history of women within patriarchy can also be viewed as the history of women's oppositions, tactical struggles and adaptive devices. Viewed in this way, the history of women is no longer the account of development and progress, nor simply the history of victimization (although that element cannot be forgotten). Nor is it the history of a women's culture studied in isolation but the history of the dynamics of strategies of control on the part of the dominant power and of tactics of survival, negotiation, accommodation , opposition or self-affirmation on the part of women. Women's history, thus understood, becomes the history of a relation of power, opposing blocks of power on a horizontal axis; it could thus more properly be renamed the history of gender ideologies and gender relations. Michel Foucault defines the relation of power in the following manner.3 First, contrary to the relation of violence which must have been its primitive form, the relation of power is a mode of action which is not exerted directly upon another, but rather upon another's actions: it is an action directed upon or in anticipation of an action. Secondly, the relation of power is nonegalitarian and mobile. Thirdly, the relation of power, although inherent to institutions, should not be confused with them. Fourthly, power can be exerted on a subject only insofar as the latter has a free will, for at the very core of such a relation, power is constantly provoked by the will of the subject opposing it, and the intransigence of freedom on the part of that subject. There is no relation of power without the possibility of escape. Finally, relations of power are constantly linked to strategies of struggle, and constantly subjected to the possibility...

In 1994, Doug Altman invited the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors to consider how it might help authors who had complaints about editors. The concern that editors abuse the power and trust invested in them by authors, readers, and publishers had grown with the careful documentation of instances of unambiguous editorial misconduct. One obstacle to their proposal was the logistic complexity of coordinating, at the international level, an appeals procedure through a single body. In an effort to open a wider discussion about editorial accountability, The Lancet established an ombudsperson in July 1996. Clear criteria, based on the UK Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, were drawn up. Our ombudsman could investigate delays in handling manuscripts and letters; editorial discourtesy; failure to follow stated editorial procedures; failure to take reasonable account of representations by authors and readers; and challenges to the publishing ethics of the journal. Complaints about the substance of editorial decisions were ruled out of the ombudsman's remit. Twenty complaints were recorded in the first 18 months, 11 of which were upheld. The appointment of an ombudsperson should be considered by editors of all scientific journals. Benefits go well beyond immediate complaints, drawing an editor's attention, for example, to the importance of efficient and courteous journal processes. No discernible harm was discovered. A case still remains for wider oversight of the biomedical press.

Criminal investigations generally aim at discovering previously unknown facts. The same is true for scientific (or academic) research. Both follow a rather tight framework of rules – most importantly, the principles of objectivity, reliability and validity. However, some of the intentions differ. Science generally attempts to discover and/or explain new principles, while criminal inquiries are instead usually bound to past, often singular, events. For example, the methods used in forensic investigations are required to be well established, standardised and undisputed inasmuch as possible. In contrast, the exploration of new methods is an important feature of the advancement of science. Consequently, both tendencies – similarities and opposites – can be discerned when comparing criminal and academic examinations. The ‘Pareto principle’ indicates that the vast majority of all criminal investigations run rather unproblematically. Nevertheless, the highest quality criteria must be guaranteed for these and the remaining, more challenging cases as well – based on the ‘fair trial’ principle. Acknowledging that mistakes are inevitable (Murphy’s law), methodical approaches for error identification, handling, management and reduction are essential. Error correction mechanisms that are typical for forensic statements normally include a second source of expertise and/or an appeals procedure. In academic science, however, the peer review system has long been established as the most important quality control and error correction system. Furthermore, possible mistakes can usually be corrected in later, more detailed studies. However, the central position of forensic experts and criminal investigators in a legal procedure and the severe personal consequences of incorrect statements emphasize the high importance of continuous improvement of both the qualifications of the investigators and the quality of their methods. Nevertheless, error reduction provisions should not be restricted to technical measures such as quality management and accreditations. Furthermore, a systemic/organisational approach towards error management seems promising. This involves, among other measures, a systematic examination of mistakes and the recognition of the human factors that underlie them. Nevertheless, an indispensable component for quality enhancement is intense cooperation from both sides – the criminalistic and forensic practice as well as the scientific (basic) research.

The Materials Science and Engineering Institute of Shandong Jianzhu University was taken as an example in this paper to change people’s concept on dual-tutor system from evaluation subject, contents, and process. Evaluation principles of personalization, innovation and consistency were insisted on and three-dimensional style evaluation method by self-evaluation, comprehensive assessment and expertise evaluation was adopted to construct a scientific and rational dual-tutorial evaluation system for college students. Practice has proved that construction of evaluation system is more important to work efficiency of dual-tutor evaluation system for college students. KEYWORD: dual-tutor system; college students; education; evaluation system International Conference on Social Science, Education Management and Sports Education (SSEMSE 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 1010 majors. Such evaluation enables students to continue to pursue progress, makes tutors reflect, explore and innovate constantly, practically making work of dual-tutor system done. 2.2 The evaluation based on perspective of students The most important part of dual-tutor evaluation system is evaluation content. The evaluation content should be confirmed from perspective of students. The dual-tutor evaluation system should pay more attention to students' employability, innovation ability, practice ability and communication skills. It should emphasize on evaluating students’ learning conditions, living conditions, formation of values, establishment of integrity, improvement of aesthetics, improvement of practical ability, sense of love view etc. At same time, it should also evaluate tutors from perspective of students. The evaluation content based on perspective of students should be considered from long-term perspective, and should be regulated dynamically and scientifically. 2.3 The scientific and dynamic evaluation process The past dual-tutor system took place at end of term or terminal year. The effect produced by evaluation process is ignored. Evaluation process and effect should be combined with organically and supervised dynamically. Expressing scientifically complexity and innovation generated by tutors’ work process can help improve tutors’ motivation to work, which can also inspire students’ personality in their study and life, and maximize era significance of dual-tutor system. As a result, instructors not only can boldly bring good practice into work, but also can promote tutors to develop broader thinking. Under this working environment, students can easily apply Time Element incisively and vividly. Scientific and dynamic supervision evaluation process is conducive to implement dual-tutor system smoothly, but also to ensure implementation effect of dual-tutor system. 3 PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF EVALUATION ON DUAL-TUTOR SYSTEM FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS 3.1 The principle of respecting personalization As college students enter colleges with 90s, while concept of evaluation is changed, times consciousness of college students should also be reflected. The college students’ individuality of times should be more respected for. The evaluation index system should respect for student's personality, inspire students’ personality of times, and play spirit of students’ individuality on premise of completely achieving goal of training talents. The training effects of double tutorial system taking principle of respecting for personalization have two sides. For one thing, direction of training objectives can be seized on whole. For another thing, students’ characteristics can be highlighted in carrying out work; their enthusiasm participating in this evaluation is mobilized; and their comprehensive capacity is also improved greatly. The principle of respecting for personalization is a necessary principle of evaluating dual-tutor system. And it’s also an important guarantee to train students of all aspects development of morality, intelligence and physique. 3.2 The principle of encouraging innovation Innovation is an inexhaustible motive force of all work. The evaluation index system still adheres to principle of encouraging innovation. Because evaluation process becoming more complex, effect of evaluation pursuing of objectives, subject of evaluation gradually becoming diversified, furthermore dual-tutor system itself a practical activity, so evaluation on college students dual-tutor system essentially needs innovative. Innovation can avoid work of dual-tutor system from dispelling enthusiasm of tutors and students because of formalization, simplification and old-fashion. It also ensures to improve continually all aspects of students’ ability, and to cultivate students' innovative spirit. The significance of dual-tutor system for students lies in improving their comprehensive quality, helping development of their individualities and raising their innovation capabilities. Visibly, innovation is an essential principle in evaluating effect of dual-tutor system. 3.3 The principle of consistency Because evaluation of dual-tutor system itself a part of education, so it should follow educational goals, especially goal of cultivating talent college students under Education Reform in the national 12th Five-Year Plan. Dual-tutor system itself is also an innovation of mode of training talents under Education Reform. Therefore, subject or content of evaluation must comply with principle of consistency. That is, they must keep to goals of cultivating talent college students under Education Reform. Following this goal, it’s necessary to take all-round improvement of students’ comprehensive quality as whole situation, and constantly to pursue improvement of other skills. Following this target,

Based on Fairclough’s three-dimensional model, this paper sets out to give a critical discourse analysis of the civil Chinese judgment of“The Besieged City”Copyright Infringement Case by adopting a descriptive and explanatory approach. This study analyzes the main linguistic manifestations of power asymmetries in the language of a civil judgment and investigates how the power relations among different participants are shown in the social court context. It is found that address forms, formal words, nominalization, modality, imperatives and ellipsis are the main linguistic manifestations of power asymmetries among court participants. The interpretation and explanation of the situational court context manifests to a certain extent the encoding power relations, and such social structure of power relations help shape the discourse of judgment, and the discourse itself reinforces the enactment of the power relations. It is hoped that the findings of the present research may provide legal professions with new insights into drafting and reading judgments and provide reference for legal laypersons to have a critical understanding of civil judgments whenever they become a reader of this kind of judicial genre.

In Central Anatolia, the socio-economic and political organization of communities in the 3rd millennium BC includes a limited number of studies from different perspectives. These studies refer to a socio-political system in which administrative units divided into regions and provinces are administered by “local rulers”, “independent princes" or "kings". It is suggested that the cities of these principalities were surrounded by walls, they were administered by a ruling class, they participated in commercial activities and the existence of an organization they controlled these, and emphasis is placed on the class society structure consisting of administrators, soldiers and merchants. As mentioned here, the social structure of the socities of the 3rd millennium BC and their relations with each other in the subject region are generally considered in a hierarchical order, and complicate to understand the different social models. Since the social structure cannot be explained only in hierarchical order, some new approaches have been developed. Accordingly, although different individuals in the society gain priority in various activities such as religion, trade, and politics, they may not exhibit a central and hierarchical structure in power relations. In this paper, based on this approach, the socio-political structure and power phenomenon of the 3rd millennium BC communities in the region will be discussed within the socio-economic models, production and specialization, evidence of administrative practices, patterns of settlement, burial customs, phenomenon of belief and remnants of material culture pointing to social complexity, and the views that refer to hierarchical structuring in power relations will be approached.

This article examines the struggle over power in Turkish political space in its historical and geographical context. The author argues that many social and political problems that modern Turkey faces are in fact embedded in the historical structure of power relations and conflicting/competing identities in the country; without a deep understanding of Turkish history, therefore, it is very difficult to map out its social and political geography. The article focuses on nationalism and secularism, two crucial principles in the formation of modern Turkey, as they set the boundaries of differences and spaces of resistance. Long-excluded groups such as Kurds and conservative Muslims have undermined the power of the secular and nationalist Kemalist Turkish establishment, the ultimate power holder since the beginning of the Turkish Republic. Thus recent decades have witnessed an important shift in power relations between the excluded groups and the ruling elite as a result of the democratization of Turkey's polit...

Television drama reflect the dominant values of iedological force in our lives as well as defind the personal life as a certain point of view. Soap opera genre has a many different aspect of valualble of life. It also dealing with power relations with family members of storytelling. Korean typical soap opera narrative often to use conflict between marrage couples to express the hidden unconscious desires and to present the psychological situation of excess characters. The elements of stroy tells the viewers what is the best way to working together as a family members based on the moral aspect of one's life. Korean drama has more 50 years from a half-century of history is protagonist of Hallyu, the Korean television drama, and acute critical of the culture industry has established itself as the contents. The central theme of soap opera was reflecting the dominant values of ideological force in our daily lives. Television drama also reflects the dominant values of an important commodity in the area of cultural industries. In 1962, the first Korea soap opera was called that was taboo in the affairs can be defined as a whole. Crisis had caused a rush of housewives' protests about the drama in terms of storytelling of content. Additionally, the early TBC's drama was the popular soap opera that enjoyed immense popularity in the 1970s in Korea. The story of snubbed in her husband's intemperate affair with a tremendous destiny retraction and background of 1930s. And, it was focus on the traditional Korean family construction of roles that dealing with the parents-in-law with many circumstances. This TV program was very popular that enjoyed a huge popularity of the genre, also film produced even before ended TV drama. The dram and films are both dealing with family narrative story that viewers emotionally involved the episode of stories as well as affected by one's real life. All these considered, this paper propose how family construction related with power relation and interact with family members. The elements of melodrama story will focus on how it tells a storytelling toward of viewers. This paper also exam how relationship of family power relations works, and what is the ideology of interrelationship between family members of storytelling.