Abstract
The present paper highlights the application of bacterial surface (S-) layer proteins as versatile components for the fabrication of biosensors. One technologically relevant feature of S-layer proteins is their ability to self-assemble on many surfaces and interfaces to form a crystalline two-dimensional (2D) protein lattice. The S-layer lattice on the surface of a biosensor becomes part of the interface architecture linking the bioreceptor to the transducer interface, which may cause signal amplification. The S-layer lattice as ultrathin, highly porous structure with functional groups in a well-defined special distribution and orientation and an overall anti-fouling characteristics can significantly raise the limit in terms of variety and the ease of bioreceptor immobilization, compactness of bioreceptor molecule arrangement, sensitivity, specificity, and detection limit for many types of biosensors. The present paper discusses and summarizes examples for the successful implementation of S-layer lattices on biosensor surfaces in order to give a comprehensive overview on the application potential of these bioinspired S-layer protein-based biosensors.
Highlights
Biosensor-related research has made tremendous progress over the past four decades, because the advance in electronics, nanolithography, nanobiotechnology, biomimetics, and synthetic biology led to successful routes for combining biological systems with silicon technology
Biosensors are per definition devices, which use a biological recognition element that is retained in direct spatial contact with the transduction system [1] or, in simplified terms, a device that converts a physical or biological event into a measurable, mostly electrical signal [2]
It is interesting to note that S-layer fusion proteins presenting domains for the covalent binding of lipid molecules constitute a very promising strategy to enhance the stability of the so-called S-layer supported lipid membrane (SsLM) [93,94,95,96,97]
Summary
Biosensor-related research has made tremendous progress over the past four decades, because the advance in electronics, nanolithography, nanobiotechnology, biomimetics, and synthetic biology led to successful routes for combining biological systems with silicon technology. Some biosensors require an immobilization process of the bioreceptor to the sensor surface (metal, metal oxide, glass, polymer, and other materials) using physical or chemical techniques [25] This is in particular the case if one wants to rely on membrane proteins and membrane-active peptides as biosensing element because these biomolecules need a lipid membrane to adopt their functional structure and to deploy amplification properties. Many biosensors rely on surface-sensitive techniques, like surface plasmon spectroscopy (SPR) [26,27,28], surface acoustic wave (SAW), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) [29,30,31,32], electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) [33,34,35,36], cyclovoltammetry (CV) [37,38,39], or total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) [40] as transducer Important questions in this context are how one can create an intermediate layer with all of the intrinsic properties listed above and how can the biosensing element be coupled to or integrated in this functional layer. I discuss the application of S-layer lattices for the generation of functional lipid membrane platforms in detail and possible further future directions
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