Russian spoken by Kazakh young adults: a phonetic and phonological analysis

IntroductionMethods of genotyping of M. tuberculosis play an important role in tuberculosis (TB) infection control. These techniques are used to detect or exclude laboratory errors, control recurrent cases, and determine ways of TB transmission. Today, there are more than 10 methods of genotyping; MIRU-VNTR is one of the most widely used methods in the world. In this study we aimed to estimate biological diversity of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from different regions of Kazakhstan based on MIRU-VNTR analysis.Materials and methodsMIRU-VNTR was used to genotype 134 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis isolated from new cases and recurrent cases of TB from different regions of Kazakhstan. Amplification was done using 15 MIRU-VNTR loci. Determination of the number of tandem repeats in the corresponding locus was performed via Quantity One v.4.4.0 (BioRad, USA) software. H37Rv (NC_000962) reference strain was used as a positive control.ResultsPhylogenic tree was built using www.miru-vntr.org web-resource based on the results of MIRU-VNTR analysis. Beijing family strains associated with drug resistance to antituberculosis drugs were prevalent among all isolates of M. tuberculosis circulating in Kazakhstan. Strains of the Beijing genotype were prevalent in both new cases (65%) and recurrent cases (89.4%) of tuberculosis. The second meaningful genotype that is spread in the territory of Kazakhstan is LAM, the frequency of distribution is 7.3% in new and 4.5% in recurrent cases. Other families of M. tuberculosis such as Ural, Haarlem, CAS, NEW-1, S were found in less than 4% of cases.ConclusionPrevalence of Beijing family strains among all isolates of M. tuberculosis from different regions of Kazakhstan was shown. Strains of this family are prevalent among young people. This genotype is responsible for ongoing TB transmission in the present time. This genotype is more virulent; therefore, investigation of the epidemiology of the Beijing genotype plays crucial role in the monitoring of tuberculosis.

The study of genetic resources using prolamin polymorphism in wheat cultivars from countries with different climatic conditions makes it possible to identify and trace the preference for the selection of the alleles of gliadine-coding loci characteristic of specific conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the "gliadin profile" of the collection of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from breeding centers in Russia and Kazakhstan by studying the genetic diversity of allelic variants of gliadin-coding loci. Intrapopulation (μ ± Sμ) and genetic (H) diversity, the proportion of rare alleles (h ± Sh), identity criterion (I) and genetic similarity (r) of common wheat from eight breeding centers in Russia and Kazakhstan have been calculated. It has been ascertained that the samples of common wheat bred in Kostanay region (Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station, Kazakhstan) and Chelyabinsk region (Chelyabinsk Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia) had the highest intrapopulation diversity of gliadin alleles. The proportion of rare alleles (h) at Gli-B1 and Gli-D1 loci was the highest in the wheat cultivars bred by the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region (Saratov region, Russia), which is explained by a high frequency of occurrence of Gli-B1e (86 %) and Gli-D1a (89.9 %) alleles. Based on identity criterion (I), the studied samples of common wheat from different regions of Kazakhstan and Russia have differences in gliadin-coding loci. The highest value of I = 619.0 was found when comparing wheat samples originated from Kostanay and Saratov regions, and the lowest I = 114.4, for wheat cultivars from Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions. Some region-specific gliadin alleles in wheat samples have been identified. A combination of Gli-A1f, Gli-B1e and Gli-Da alleles has been identified in the majority of wheat samples from Kazakhstan and Russia. Alleles (Gli-A1f, Gli-A1i, Gli-A1m, Gli-A1o, Gli-B1e, Gli-D1a, Gli-D1f, Gli-A2q, Gli-B2o, and Gli-D2a) turned out to be characteristic and were found with varying frequency in wheat cultivars in eight regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. The highest intravarietal polymorphism (51.1 %) was observed in wheat cultivars bred in Omsk region (Russia) and the lowest (16.6 %), in Pavlodar region (Kazakhstan). On the basis of the allele frequencies, a "gliadin profile" of wheat from various regions and breeding institutions of Russia and Kazakhstan was compiled, which can be used for the selection of parent pairs in the breeding process, the control of cultivars during reproduction, as well as for assessing varietal purity.

Nutritional suitability of milk is not only related to gross composition, but is also strongly affected by the microheterogeniety of the protein fraction. Hence, to go further into the evaluation of the potential suitability of non-bovine milks in human/infant nutrition it is necessary to have a detailed characterization of their protein components. Combining proven proteomic approaches (SDS-PAGE, LC-MS/MS and LC-ESI-MS) and cDNA sequencing, we provide here in depth characterization of the milk protein fraction of dromedary and Bactrian camels, and their hybrids, from different regions of Kazakhstan. A total 391 functional groups of proteins were identified from 8 camel milk samples. A detailed characterization of 50 protein molecules, relating to genetic variants and isoforms arising from post-translational modifications and alternative splicing events, belonging to nine protein families (κ-, αs1-, αs2-, β-; and γ-CN, WAP, α-LAC, PGRP, CSA/LPO) was achieved by LC-ESI-MS. The presence of two unknown proteins UP1 (22,939 Da) and UP2 (23,046 Da) was also reported as well as the existence of a β-CN short isoform (946 Da lighter than the full-length β-CN), arising very likely in both genetic variants (A and B) from proteolysis by plasmin. In addition, we report, for the first time to our knowledge, the occurrence of a αs2-CN phosphorylation isoform with 12P groups within two recognition motifs, suggesting thereby the existence of two kinase systems involved in the phosphorylation of caseins in the mammary gland. Finally, we demonstrate that genetic variants, which hitherto seemed to be species- specific (e.g. β-CN A for Bactrian and β-CN B for dromedary), are in fact present both in Camel dromedarius and C. bactrianus.

Background/Objectives: This paper explores the theoretical perspectives on knowledge competence, use of technologies and development of SMEs in Kazakhstan in view of lack of research in this area. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Questionnaire survey was designed to study the opinions of top management of SMEs from different regions of Kazakhstan about their companies’ performance. Statistical analysis was applied to process the obtained results. Findings: The descriptive data have been collected via a questionnaire survey of SMEs directors from different regions of Kazakhstan. The results reveal good pre-conditions for further development of knowledge competence in SMEs in Kazakhstan. This study has shown the situation in the Kazakhstani SMEs in terms of knowledge development opportunities as well as the existing situation with the use of information technologies. The ability of SMEs to use the existing knowledge determines the success of companies’ strategies. Applications/Improvements: The “DAMU” role in creating the new knowledge for entrepreneurs and financial support may contribute to the development of information technologies and knowledge competence in the long term.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the intestinal microbiome of horses (taking into account their maintenance, age, breed) by sequencing 16S rRNA amplicons. A total of 24 libraries were created from fecal samples of Kazakh breed horses from various regions of Kazakhstan. The alpha diversity (Chao 1 and ACE, Shannon and Simpson indices) of the intestines of Kazakh-bred horses showed that a rich microbial diversity was revealed in horses of the Mangystau, Pavlodar and Zhetysu regions, which were on natural pastures con[1]tinuously. The species richness in horses of the Pavlodar and Zhetysu regions was 9.7, which was slightly higher than in horses of the Mangystau region (9.0 p <0.01). Beta diversity was examined using Bray-Curtis distances, and the relationships between 24 horse fecal samples from three different regions of Kazakhstan formed distinct clusters based on their geographic origin. We identified the main intestinal microbiome of horses from different regions of Kazakhstan, consisting of Lactobacillus, Micrococcales, Bacillales, Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, Corynebacteriales, Burkholderiales. The study of the composition of the intesti[1]nal microbiota of local breeds, such as the Kazakh horse breed, is necessary to preserve biodiversity and choose ways to maintain and conduct productive horse breeding in agriculture.

Insertion-deletion polymorphism of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region V was examined in three Kazakh populations inhabiting different regions of Kazakhstan. The 9-bp deletion was revealed in all three populations examined. In Altai population the 4-bp insertion was also found. The presence of these polymorphic variants was confirmed by DNA sequencing.

In the current social conditions, the problems of inequality associated with the uneven distribution of income in society is an important research problem. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the level of regional differences in income distribution in developing countries like Kazakhstan. The study aims to assess the influence of income, social expenditures, and inequality in the distribution of education and education costs between different regions of Kazakhstan. Unlike previous scientific papers in this area, this paper uses panel data on the distribution of human capital and income in 17 regions of Kazakhstan. The methodological framework of the research is represented by methods of statistical assessment of economic inequality, such as the indicator of differentiation, reflecting the degree of social and economic inequality. Based on the proposed methodology, we analysed the disparity in the level of education and obtained data on the standard deviations of the distribution of education for the population of the regions of Kazakhstan. According to these data, inequality changes over time and affects the distribution of education and education costs between different areas. Income inequality is slightly higher in Karaganda and East-Kazakhstan regions; other areas have a more equitable income distribution by about 0.05 Gini coefficients. The regression specification shows that large megacities like Shymkent, Almaty, and Astana have a more significant influence, while Mangystau and North-Kazakhstan regions have minor power. The obtained results emphasise the importance ensuring access to education for reducing regional disparities and achieving stability in income distribution.

Object: the aim of current study is to analyze the impact of social and economic factors on the emergence of inequality in the regions of Kazakhstan based on the regression analysis.Methods: to achieve the purpose of the study, regression analysis of social and economic factors on the Ginny coefficient was used for four regions of Kazakhstan: Akmola, Aktobe, Karaganda and East Kazakhstan regions. In addition, comparative analysis and statistical analysis were used. Data from the Bureau of National Statistics from 2001 to 2021 were used.Findings: in the case of Akmola, regression analysis shows that the F value of the model is statistically significant (Sig. = 0.017), which indicates that the model matches the data well. The coefficient Akm_PR is also significant, with a positive value of 0.016. This suggests that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the variable Akm_PR and the Gini coefficient (Akm_Gini) in the Akmola region. In the Aktobe region, there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the variable Akt_HCE and the Gini coefficient (Akt_Gini). No statistically significant links were found in Karaganda. And in the East Kazakhstan region there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the variable EKZ_GRP and the Gini coefficient (EKZ_Gini).Conclusions: the study showed that the level of regional inequality varies significantly in different regions of Kazakhstan. East Kazakhstan has the highest level of inequality, while in Akmola, Aktobe and Karaganda regions inequality is more moderate. The results of the regression analysis also showed that the influence of independent variables on the level of inequality varies in different regions.

Molecular snapshot of Mycobacterium tuberculosis population in Kazakhstan: A country-wide study

The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing environmental risks and to test it using data on pollution across different regions of Kazakhstan. Methodology . The study uses a literature review and deductive reasoning to find solutions to environmental pollution. Content analysis helps develop an integrated, weighted environmental risk through composite indexing. Economic and mathematical methods (including Moran’s I, spatial weights matrices), along with visualization techniques, are used to present the research results. The uniqueness of this study lies in its focus on the influence of natural and climate features of a specific region, along with pollution from neighboring areas, rather than relying solely on national pollution indicators and their effects on the regional environment. Data collected and analyzed on emissions and waste in Kazakhstan's four largest regions allowed for the calculation and comparison of environmental risk levels. Regional environmental risk assessments were based on data of the end of 2024. The study revealed that Karaganda (1.26) and West Kazakhstan (1.78) regions experienced high environmental risk during this period, particularly due to the municipal waste index. Meanwhile, in East Kazakhstan, the index, at -0.0142, was considered quite low, and in Kyzylorda, it was closer to the boundary between moderate and high environmental risk (0.198). The study highlights the importance of quick access to environmental data for guiding management decisions by regional governments. It also stresses the need to expand and sustain this research by developing a regional environmental database. Calculation of environmental risks helps to clarify measures for environmental management in regions adjusting decisions considering the weight of a particular index.

Tuberculosis remains a highly contagious infection, with an estimated annual transmission of about 10 million people globally, as reported in the latest Global Tuberculosis Report by the World Health Organization (WHO). The primary objective of this research is to determine the geographical distribution and drug resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 2, which is predominant in Kazakhstan. A total of over 200 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) were collected from regional phthisiopulmonology centers across all regions of Kazakhstan between 2012 and 2024. Clinical isolates were genotyped using a PCR assay targeting the dnaA-dnaN:IS6110 region, specific for the modern Beijing genotype. Subsequently, selected samples were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The TB-Profiler prediction tool was utilized to identify resistance against anti-tubercular drugs and to genotype the lineages. A total of 102 clinical isolates belonging to the L2 modern Beijing genotype were selected for whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The L2.2.1 genetic cluster was identified as the only sublineage present, according to Coll et al.'s classification. More than half of the specimens were found to be multidrug-resistant (n=60, 59%). Among the analyzed samples, monoresistance to isoniazid (IHN) was detected in 17 (16%) cases, while 14 (14%) cases were drug-susceptible TB. Additionally, 7 (7%) cases were identified as Pre-XDR (resistant to rifampicin, isoniazid, and either fluoroquinolones or second-line injectable drugs), 3 (3%) cases were monoresistant to streptomycin, and 1 (1%) case exhibited resistance to rifampicin only. Regional distribution of samples is as follows: Aktau and Kostanay are 14% (n=13/102), Kyzylorda (n=12/102), Taldykourgan (n=11/102), Pavlodar, Karaganda, and Atyrau are at 6% (6/102); Semey is 10% (n=9/102), Almaty and Taraz at 4%, and Shymkent city is 1% (n=1/102). This ongoing research is focused on resistance patterns, genotypes, and transmission dynamics among different regions of Kazakhstan using next-generation sequencing, followed by bioinformatics analysis and interpretation of the data.

Financial inclusion is a concept aimed at ensuring the accessibility of financial services and products to all segments of society, including vulnerable segments of population and rural remote areas. This process is of strategic importance for reducing poverty, improving quality of life and stimulating sustainable economic growth. The relevance of this topic remains despite the significant successes of financial organizations in terms of expanding their capabilities to provide financial services to various categories of clients. Digital technologies play a significant role in this process, thanks to which access to financial services has become more universal and convenient. The article discusses the key aspects of financial inclusion, the methodological basis for assessing the level of financial inclusion, and also analyzes the availability of financial products and services in the regions of Kazakhstan. The main goal of this study is to quantitatively assess the level of financial inclusion in different regions of Kazakhstan for a more detailed study of differences in the level of financial inclusion of territorial units. The study has used data from the National Bank of Kazakhstan and the Bureau of National Statistics. Methods of statistical analysis, quantitative analysis of indicators, including the approach of weighted values and data normalization, as well as cartographic analysis of the geographical accessibility of financial services (heat maps) were used. The results obtained make it possible to identify factors affecting the availability of financial products in the regions and offer recommendations for reducing territorial imbalances.

External causes are ranked as the third most common cause of death in Kazakhstan. At the same time, Kazakhstan has the highest mortality from traffic injuries in the world warranting development of preventive programs based on the main principles of evidence-based medicine. Given considerable heterogeneity between different regions of Kazakhstan, preventive programs should be based on the regional evidence. In this descriptive study we present a structure of injuries using the data on all injuries hospitalized to Shymkent Municipal Emergency Care Hospital from 1 January 2012 through 31 December 2014. Type of trauma, mechanism and circumstances as well as age, gender, time and place of when injury took place were registered. We present the main typical traumas that require hospitalizations, but also describe limitations of the existing medical documentation for development of preventive programs. We suggest establishment of a municipal injury registry which can have comparable with international registries data on circumstances of injuries, which can be used in other regions of Kazakhstan.

This study aimed to analyse the state of higher education in the regions of Kazakhstan based on an integrated approach according to use of statistical methods and aggregation of empirical data. In this study, the focus is on assessing the level of development of higher education institutions in Kazakhstan based on the selected three groups of variables: enrollment in higher education institutions; subjects and objects of higher professional education (number of teaching staff, number of students, number of universities); provision of services (budget, population, enterprises). The research design was divided into three stages: data collection, analysis and recommendations. The data sample from 2010 to 2021 was taken from the annual statistical yearbooks of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this study based on a comprehensive review of the above variables, it is proposed to conduct an analysis at the following three stages: data collection, definitions of the initial data and evaluation of the time period; sampling of initial data, analysis of collected data and interpretation; description of the results obtained; conclusions and recommendations. The practical results of the study and conclusions can be used by government agencies in the analysis and forecasting of the development of the education system in the region. The data obtained showed that there are differences in the availability of higher education in different regions of Kazakhstan. High rates in the cities of Astana and Almaty may be associated with their status as the capital and the largest city, respectively.

Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG). Enteric methane emissions from farmed ruminant livestock account for approximately 15% of global GHG emissions, with approximately 44% of livestock emissions in the form of methane. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of feeding types and regional characteristics of Kazakhstan on the microbiota of feces and the number of methane-forming archaea of beef and meat-and-dairy cattle productivity. For this purpose, fecal samples were taken rectally from 37 cattle heads from four regions of Kazakhstan (Western, Southern, Northern and Southeast). The taxonomic composition of the community in all samples was determined by 16S metabarcoding; additionally alpha and beta diversities were calculated. The dominant phyla were: Firmicutes (57.30%), Bacteroidetes (17.00%), Verrucomicrobia (6.88%), Euryarchaeota (6.49%), Actinobacteria (4.77%) and Patescibacteria (3.38%). Significant differences with regard to methanogens bacteria were found: Euryarchaeota were less present in animals from Western Kazakhstan (2.40%), while Methanobacteriales and Methanobrevibacter were prevalent in Southeast, and less abundant in Western region. Western Kazakhstan differs from the other regions likely because animals are mainly grazed in the pasture. Thus, grazing animals has an impact on their microbiota thus leading to a decrease in methane emissions.