Roughness, surface energy, and superficial damages of CAD/CAM materials after surface treatment.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of surface pre-treatment on CAD/CAM materials including ceramics, zirconia, resin-infiltrated ceramic, and resin-based composite. Specimens were made of ten CAD/CAM materials (Celtra Duo, Degudent, D; Vita Suprinity, Vita, D; E.max CAD, Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL; E.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL; Vita Enamic, Vita, D; Cerasmart, GC, B; LAVA Ultimate, 3M, D; SHOFU Block HC, SHOFU, US; Grandio Blocs, VOCO, D; BRILLIANT Crios, Coltene, CH) and pretreated to represent clinical procedures (Hf 20s/5%; phosphoric acid 20s/37%; Monobond etch and prime (Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL); water-cooled diamond bur (80μm; 4μm); Al2O3-blasting (50μm/1bar, 50μm/2bar, 120μm/1bar, 120μm/2bar); untreated; manufacturer's instructions). SEM-analysis (Phenom, FEI, NL) of the surfaces was performed (magnifications ≤ 10,000×). Roughness values Ra, Rz (KJ 3D, Keyence, J), and surface energy SE (OCA15 plus, SCA20, DataPhysics, D) were determined (statistics: non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test/Kruskal-Wallis test for independent specimen, α = 0.05). Kruskal-Wallis revealed significant (p < 0.001) differences for all materials with different surface treatments. Roughness ranged from Ra = 0.05μm (VS; D4)/Rz = 0.41μm (VS; D4) to Ra = 1.82μm (EMA; SB120/2)/Rz = 12.05μm (CS; SB 120/2), SE from 22.7mN/m (VE; M) to 52.8mN/m (CD; M). SEM analysis showed material-dependent damages after pre-treatment. Different CAD/CAM materials require individual pre-treatment for optimized and protective surface activation. Cementation is a key factor for clinical success. Given the variety of available CAD/CAM materials, specific procedures are needed.