Abstract
The accuracy of the parabolic wave equation (PE) for calculating scattering from randomly rough, pressure-release surfaces has been examined through comparison with exact numerical results based on solving an integral equation. To facilitate comparison with exact results, the PE problem is also converted to one of solving an integral equation: the “PE integral equation.” For the cases examined to date, the PE accurately predicts low grazing angle (θg ⩽20°) forward scattering, including multiple scattering and shadowing effects. As the grazing angle increases, it is found that the main error is an angular shift arising from propagation to and from the surface, not from the surface scattering itself. Finally, a method has been devised to compute low grazing angle backscattering with the PE. This requires the sequential solution of two integral equations to account for multiple scattering in both the forward and backward directions. [Work supported by ONR.]
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