Rosmarinic Acid - A Potential Therapeutic Agent for Sleep Disorders

Abstract

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in numerous plants, such as rosemary, salvia, lemon balm, mint, and oregano. It has various pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antiviral, antibacterial, antidepressant, and sleep-inducing properties. Rosmarinic acid is used in the food industry as a natural preservative and flavour enhancer, in addition to its potential health benefits. The oral bioavailability of RA ranges between 0.91 and 1.61 percent. After oral administration, rosmarinic acid is rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1-2 hours. The half-life reported for RA is relatively short ranging from 0.75 to 1 hour. Phase II enzymes, such as glucuronidation and sulfation, predominantly metabolise RA in the liver following absorption. These metabolic pathways lead to the formation of numerous conjugated metabolites, which are excreted in the urine and faeces. The bioavailability of RA can vary based on its source, formulation, as well as individual differences in metabolism and other factors. Several studies suggest that RA may have a positive impact on sleep quality, as RA administration has been shown to improve sleep quality, decrease sleep latency, and increase the duration of deep sleep via its effect on the GABAergic system. Moreover, RA has also been shown to have anti-anxiety and calming effects, which may contribute to its sleep-inducing properties. Additional research is necessary to fully comprehend the effects of RA on sleep, including its optimal dose, duration of use, and potential side effects.