Abstract
Rooting patterns of soft-stem bulrush ( Scirpus validus Vahl.) were assessed in a recently established wastewater treatment wetland to quantify volume of substrate occupied by roots and variation in root distribution. After two growing seasons, most roots occurred in the upper 12–15 cm of substrate. Lateral root growth was also limited throughout the cells, and survival was poor near the cell outlets. Consequently, only 5% of the substrate was occupied by roots.
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