Abstract
The parvoviruses are widely spread in many species and are among the smallest DNA animal viruses. The parvovirus is composed of a single strand molecule of DNA wrapped into an icosahedral capsid. In a viral infection, the massy capsid participates in the entire viral infection process, which is summarized in this review. The capsid protein VP1 is primarily responsible for the infectivity of the virus, and the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of the VP1 serves as a guide to assist the viral genome in locating the nucleus. The dominant protein VP2 provides an “anti-receptor”, which interacts with the cellular receptor and leads to the further internalization of virus, and, the N-terminal of VP2 also cooperates with the VP1 to prompt the process of nucleus translocation. Additionally, a cleavage protein VP3 is a part of the capsid, which exists only in several members of the parvovirus family; however, the function of this cleavage protein remains to be fully determined. Parvoviruses can suffer from the extreme environmental conditions such as low pH, or even escape from the recognition of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), due to the protection of the stable capsid, which is thought to be an immune escape mechanism. The applications of the capsid proteins to the screening and the treatment of diseases are also discussed. The processes of viral infection should be noted, because understanding the virus-host interactions will contribute to the development of therapeutic vaccines.
Highlights
Parvoviruses infect a wide range of species, including birds and mammals
Mirta et al constructed a recombinant Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) capsid vector, which contained a fragment of a tumour-targeting sequence, and the modified mutant resulted in high transduction in tumour cells, but the transduction in 293 T cells was poorly induced
Conclusions the size and structure of the parvovirus capsid are simple, each component of the capsid performs a vital function in the life cycle of a virus
Summary
Parvoviruses infect a wide range of species, including birds and mammals. The virus replicates in the nucleus, some of the parvoviruses require a helper virus to replicate [1, 2]. The genome and the encoding proteins of parvoviruses and the roles of capsid proteins of the viruses in viral infection are summarized, leading to suggestions for possible mechanisms to explain the interactions between virus and host. Sequence diversity exists among the different species, these viruses have similar structures as determined by the three-dimensional structures, such as for B19 [19], AAV [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27], MVM [28], CPV [29, 30], BPV [9] and the Aleutian mink disease virus (ADV) [31].
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