Rodzina jako (nie)oczywista sieć powiązań międzyludzkich. Dzieciństwo dorosłych ludzi jako przyczynek do etnograficznych badań nad współczesną polską rodziną

In the Light of the Midnight Sun

Do our current ways of teaching our young children actually foster the development of effective skills and dispositions for twenty-first century living? A number of authors, (Pink, 2005; Golinkoff & Sharp 2009), have commented that solutions to the issues associated with the rapid development of knowledge in the twenty-first century, issues and problems involved in environmental sustainability and issues of national security, will require answers from individuals who have the ability to communicate, collaborate, think critically, be creative and innovative, confidently approach challenges and have content knowledge (Golinkoff & Sharp, 2009, p. 6). They identify these skills as being the ones that our 3 to 6-year-olds will need to acquire during their education, in order to be successful in their adult lives. Children of the twenty-first century need to go beyond the basic skills, they need to develop skills and dispositions that will enable them to become learners throughout their entire life (Hirsh-Pasek, Golinkoff, Berk & Singer, 2009, p. 15). As teachers of 3 to 6-year-olds we need to ask ourselves, “What pedagogical approaches should I employ that will enable the children in my classroom to acquire the knowledge and skills for success in the twenty-first century?” To answer this question this article explores current thinking and research.

Foxa1 and Foxa2 regulate bile duct development in mice

{ 1 } \ Keynote Speech from the Twenty-eighth Mid-America Theatre Conference, Changing Theatrical Landscapes Mapping New Directions in History, Pedagogy, and Practice in the Twenty-first Century —LOU BELL AMY I’m inspired by the boldness of the challenge of this conference’s theme. As I thought about it while preparing this talk, I even began to wax creative and found myself becoming excited over the possibilities. “Mapping new directions ”offers the opportunity to reevaluate, to extend the reach and understanding of ourselves as well as those for whom we perform and those whom we mentor and teach; to set new frameworks through which we perceive our history , our pedagogy, our practice; to understand ourselves and our power to change our world more thoroughly. It’s a mandate that has as its basic tenet opening our institutions and our curricula to populations and cultures heretofore only marginally served. Once I began to think in these lofty terms it was only a very short time before the latent “Trekkie” in me took over and I was imagining myself standing at the helm of the Enterprise, facing new frontiers and “boldly go[ing] where no man has gone before.” What did I mean,“no man”? Well, I meant me. Not no man. Me. It was here that I began to feel a bit of dread. Not from fear of the unknown, but something that began to rise from within myself. I repeated the phrase “where no man has { 2 } LOU BELL AMY gone before.” The arrogance that is presupposed in my thesis staggered me. Images of Cecil J. Rhodes, King Leopold II, General George Armstrong Custer, and too many others to count here spring to mind. So I determined that I’d give some time to thinking about respectful ways to engage the heretofore disengaged, the ignored, the misrepresented. And that thinking is what I’d like to share with you today. I’ve spent a good portion of my adult life (the last thirty years) stewarding a cultural institution and interacting with the dominant culture from a marginalized position. So you’ll hear me today speak of myself as sort of an inside-outsider. I hope that by sharing my own trepidation at dealing with cultural nuance, I’ll awaken in you a similar feeling that asks you to interrogate what you bring to the encounter. As we inside the academy, inside the major regional theatre movement, reach out and seek to include the cultural expression that traditionally has not been part of our offerings, in our curricula and our theatrical presentations, we face special challenges. As founder and artistic director of one of the oldest and most influential professional theatrical organizations (in the world, I’m told), whose reason for being is the exploration and distillation of the AfricanAmerican experience and aesthetic, I believe my experiences may be relevant to the reordering that this conference’s title would suggest. I would caution us to be aware that the information we may be seeking to engage is most likely part of a living culture, part of the ethos of live people whose lives and culture are integral to the understanding of our study or the theatre that we seek to perform or present. I would hope that our interaction would be respectful and mindful that we run the risk of misinterpreting, misrepresenting , of morphing the very thing we seek to investigate. The applied anthropological directive comes to mind: “First, do no harm!” From my vantage point, an honest appraisal of our past behavior leads me to again propose extreme caution. Most of our expansion, if even tacitly, has as its basic assumption that before our involvement, the examined cultures either have an unappreciated worth, are simple, unadorned, messy, and/or wasteful. This perspective places us in a position of participating in a “discovery” rather than participating in a meeting or an engagement. One position places us in the role of cultural arbiter. The other makes us a guest. One polemic places the efforts of Ridgely Torrence,Paul Greene,or DuBose Hayward as honest attempts at presenting cultures they knew little about and as interpreters of those cultures, raising folk and folklore...

The emergence of climate change as a central political issue around the world, along with growing concern for the environment more generally, has raised the challenge to achieve sustainability as a high order social goal. Yet over the 20 y since the publication of the landmark Brundtland Report on sustainable development, humanity has moved further away from sustainability in many important aspects, particularly at the global scale. This paper provides an overview of the current understanding of how the human-environment relationship has evolved through time, analyzes the quest for sustainability in contemporary society, and briefly explores the implications of these analyses for the trajectory of the human-environment relationship in the twenty-first century. The focus is on an Earth systems perspective. Exploration of the human-environment relationship through time shows a fundamental switch about 200 y ago, when human society shifted from being largely the recipient of changes in Earth system functioning to becoming a global geophysical force itself, rivaling the great forces of nature in magnitude. Contemporary human societies are now on a demonstrably nonsustainable trajectory, especially with regard to climate change, with no sign at the global scale of any change in trajectory. An analysis of the sustainability gap suggests that a crucial missing component in our quest for sustainability is a failure to engage the humanities, along with the biophysical and social sciences, economics, and technology, in the search for solutions. An examination of the ways in which past civilizations have responded to external stresses and the analysis of the contemporary sustainability gap have come to the same conclusion. Those societies that respond to environmental and other stresses by transformation rather than collapse have the capability to question their core values if they become dysfunctional and to drive fundamental shifts in those values, leading to more adaptive and resilient societies.

This book aims to substantiate the fact that religion still plays a key role in our contemporary society and that it is important to retain SRE/SRI in government schools. SRE provides a number of key benefits. These include firstly values education within the framework of belief in God or a higher spiritual being, which has been shown to be a powerful factor in empowering student decisions, fostering their ability to act and assigning student responsibility. Secondly, religious belief has been shown to strengthen students’ sense of identity and belonging and to have important psychological benefits for students’ mental health and wellbeing. Thirdly, retaining the rich mix of the different faith communities strengthens Australia’s multicultural fabric. Finally, SRE/RI classes provide safe places for students to explore the deeper questions of their religion and identity. At the same time, this study argues that SRE/RI pedagogy needs to be brought into the twenty-first century, ensuring best practice drawing on constructivist, reflected, critical pedagogy to achieve the core competencies of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL). This is needed to meaningfully engage the next generation. To achieve this goal, SRE/RI providers, with government support and assistance, need ongoing professional development and more effective transparency, accountability and supervision. As well, for effective multicultural education, a combination of Special Religious Education (SRE) with General Religious Education (GRE) is needed, so that children can, on the one hand, explore their own religious identity, and on the other hand learn about and interact with children of different religious faiths. This book argues that adopting these best practice approaches will meet the criticisms expressed about SRE/RI pedagogy to ensure a robust SRE/RI curriculum which is suitably equipped to develop students in contemporary Australian society. A strengthened SRE/RI program will enrich Australian society and improve students’ mental health and wellbeing, assisting to equip them to be confident, functioning adults in the rapidly changing contemporary world.

In this article, I point to the most relevant characteristics of the discourses on nostalgia in the 20th and 21st centuries. The focus of the analysis is on the transformation of the concept of nostalgia from a mental and emotional state to a product in contemporary consumerist society. The text entails two crucial issues: nostalgia in the context of postmodernism and nostalgia in the context of consumerism. The expansion of the concept brought to an interpretation according to which nostalgia discourse in the postmodern age reproduces itself without necessary reference to a specific past, thus becoming a certain ahistorical autonomous style, which, as such, can be available for consumption independently from any emotional connection with the times and places on which the style alludes. This kind of nostalgia is labeled as ?nostalgia mode? by Frederic Jameson. The aim of the article is to point to the basic theoretical approaches to the process of commodification of the concept of nostalgia in the contemporary society. Even though there are copious typologies of nostalgia, since the end of the 20th century dealing with this phenomenon is mostly imbued in the context of consumerism. Hence, contemporary nostalgia is sometimes also seen as both consumed and consuming nostalgia.

The notion of what constitutes ‘literacy’ has shifted over time, from the de-coding of words where it is placed in the realm of an individual, cognitive skill to multiple literacies in the 21st century. This volume celebrates and critiques literacy in various forms indicated by the scope of the chapters. It makes a timely contribution to our understanding of literacy as a multi-faceted, complexly situated activity. The contributing authors represent a wide variety of theoretical and research perspectives. Each chapter provides the reader with a fresh perspective into a different site for literate behaviour, approaches, design and relationships. Presented are illustrations of ways in which scholars are beginning to respond to the challenge and also underscore the viability of the concept of literacy for specific purposes. The central plank of this scholarly and innovative volume is that literacy curriculum would need to evolve from its current one-dimensional/discrete perspective if it is to cater for the demands of the 21st century contemporary globalised society.

Addressing Child Health Equity Through Clinical Decision-Making.

A funny thing happened on the way to this essay–we decided to eliminate over one hundred possible entries! Why would we do such a thing? Because, dear reader, the scholarship in humor studies published in 2021 is an embarrassment of riches. Across and within disciplines, scholars are exploring fascinating questions related to humor in diverse contexts. From discerning unique rhetorical features of a stand-up comic’s discourse to generating new humor theory, humor scholars are a prolific and provocative bunch. As has been the case in recent years, two particularly popular areas of humor research are online humor (especially memes), and humor in films and television shows. Additionally, in 2021, many scholars focused on humor about Donald Trump while others offered close readings of stand-up comedy, specifically regarding race. With the interests of our readership in mind, we have chosen to curate those publications we believe to be of greatest heuristic value in the following nine categories: literature, satire and political humor, performance, film and television, new media, empirical studies, visual humor, jokes, and theory. You’re welcome.Scholarly treatments of humor in literature and folklore in 2021 spanned a wide variety of authors, subjects, and genres. Books and articles covered not only the usual comic-canonical suspects such as Mark Twain, Edgar Allan Poe, Philip Roth, and Ralph Ellison but also Yankee yarns, African American folktales, vernacular newspaper columnists, and modernist poetry.We begin with Twain, laughing in the face of some eternal American verities: death, the intergenerational wealth it creates, and the lawyers who monetize it. First, in “Reading and Editing ‘the Exquisitely Bad,’” Lisa McGunigal examines Twain’s joyous takedowns in private marginalia as Samuel Clemens and in publications as Mark Twain of bad poetry, especially elegiac obituary poetry, which was extremely popular in the nineteenth century as a form of public mourning. Throughout his adult life, Clemens devoured poor writing with “pleasurable disgust,” even going so far as to assemble what he called his “Library of Literary Hogwash,” a collection of bad writing from multiple genres and decades (147). McGunigal argues that this penchant for critiquing bad poems demonstrates “a substantial effort to undercut the falsity of emotion presented in these poems,” adding that he derided “poetry that he felt failed to capture sincere emotion” and in fact “used the power of his humor to enlighten readers to its pretense, as opposed to genuine grief” (140). These comic critiques, McGunigal suggests, speak to suspicion on Clemens’s part about the ability of popular poetry as a genre to accurately portray nuanced emotions.In “Mark Twain and Estate Planning,” Lawrence Howe studies Twain’s always suspicious and often satirical treatments of inheritance and its negative personal and social consequences. Howe shows, for instance, how several of the earlier short stories parody the illogicality of legal discourse around inheritance, whereas the ending of Pudd’nhead Wilson highlights the precarity and capriciousness of estate law. Howe concludes that Twain’s narrative depictions of inheritance amount to “cautionary tales whose discursive heterogeneity admonish us to be careful what we wish for” (136).J. Mark Baggett’s “Mark Twain’s Legal Burlesques” similarly explores Twain’s comic approach to legal contracts, situating his comic deployment of legal language in writings from his time in Nevada through the end of his life within a nineteenth-century legal reform movement seeking to “democratize and demythologize legal language” (96). Baggett, a retired professor of English and law, documents Twain’s intricate familiarity with law and legalese and analyzes several examples of his legal humor from shorter burlesques to courtroom scenes in his novels. According to Baggett, Twain consistently highlights the intermingling of “lawyer-talk and the vernacular” (107) in legal writing, not just mocking its extravagance but also aiming to “demystify the law” (105).Literary recovery is Gary Scharnhorst’s project in “Mark Twain’s Lost ‘Burlesque Hamlet,’” which upends the critical consensus that Twain abandoned this project at an early stage. Scharnhorst uses newspaper evidence to show that the burlesque play was completed under the title “Hamlet’s Brother.” With the help of a widely reprinted 1881 Detroit Free Press review of a page proof of the completed script, Scharnhorst pieces together elements of the burlesque play. In it, Twain gives Hamlet a mischievous and energetic younger brother, William or Billy, who unsettles Shakespeare’s storyline by meddling in Hamlet’s romance with Ophelia, impersonating Claudius’s ghost, offering commentary on events and other characters in nineteenth-century slang, and pulling, in the words of the Detroit Free Press reviewer, “indescribably ludicrous” “pranks” (276). Though the burlesque was scheduled for a run in New York during the winter of 1881–82, it was never produced or published.James E. Caron’s essay “Gendered Comic Traditions” treats an author who should be nearly as canonical as Mark Twain: the hugely popular mid-nineteenth-century writer Sara Willis Parton (a.k.a. Fanny Fern). In this suggestive essay in Studies in American Humor’s special issue on humor and empire, Caron builds on Judith Yaross Lee’s introductory insights (detailed elsewhere in this essay) by exploring how Fern’s humorous columns both draw on and depart from antecedents in British periodical writing. Caron traces a nineteenth-century transatlantic genealogy of comic belles lettres that derives from the “amiable and domesticated” (279) satirist stance from the English tradition of the gentleman humorist that was adopted and adapted by American humorist and editor Lewis Gaylord Clark. Fern embraced this tradition, Caron argues, but because “the aesthetic of comic belles lettres, with its theoretical gendered accommodation for the figure of the amiable satirist, does not tolerate her disruption of social norms in the midcentury United States” (292), she had to modify it: the result was “a different genealogical line” through a “strong woman’s point of view” that anticipates twentieth-century feminist theorist Hélène Cixous’s figure of the “laughing Medusa” (279). In the essay’s final section, Caron identifies a litany of women satirists who inherited what he calls “the Medusa branch” of the comic belles lettres tradition (297), including twentieth- and twenty-first century writers and comics Alice Duer Miller, Dorothy Parker, Edna Ferber, Mary McCarthy, Phyllis Diller, Sarah Silverman, and Amy Schumer.Stefanie Schäfer undertakes a different type of transatlantic comic genealogy in her book-length study of the comic Yankee, Yankee Yarns: Storytelling and the Invention of the National Body in Nineteenth-Century American Culture. Schäfer consciously expands and updates Constance Rourke’s 1931 work on a cultural character who was, paradoxically, simultaneously a provincial figure and a national representative. Examining nineteenth-century depictions of the Yankee as disseminated through a wide range of media, including literature, theater, and visual culture, Schäfer frames the figure as a “transnational product of literary nationalist narratives” (15). Chapter 1 traces the birth and development of Brother Jonathan as an allegorical character whose persona is interwoven with that of the British figure John Bull through readings of popular fables and mock-epic poems as well as more canonical works by James Kirke Paulding and Washington Irving. This chapter also charts the emergence of the related Uncle Sam character in the cartoons of Thomas Nast and others that appeared in popular humor periodicals. Chapter 2 focuses on the antebellum stage Yankee in American and British plays from 1787 through 1846. In the American context, Schäfer argues, the stage Yankee links village and city and fuses “the Jeffersonian yeoman farmer with the Jacksonian self-made man,” yielding a “country rube” who helps to create a national imaginary onstage (90). Chapter 3 considers the figure of the Yankee peddler in literary depictions by James Fenimore Cooper, Thomas Haliburton (“Sam Slick”), and others as an “agent and hyperbole for U.S. capitalism” (16). Chapter 4 takes up the figure of the Yankee schoolmaster in regionalist novels and poems by Sarah Hale, John Greenleaf Whittier, and others and argues that this figure is a mobile embodiment of New England homespun identity. In all his various incarnations, Schäfer demonstrates, the Yankee establishes a particular and peculiar American identity through the practice of yarn spinning.Mary M. Cronin analyzes representations of another transatlantic comic figure, the Irishman, in the popular, late-nineteenth-century humor periodical Texas Siftings. Cronin argues in “Gilded Age Humor as a Moral Force,” a chapter in the edited collection Politics, Culture, and the Irish American Press, 1784–1963, that in a time when antagonistic and pejorative comic stereotypes of Irish immigrants were rampant, Texas Siftings produced “an often-sympathetic portrayal of the Irish” (136). Although the magazine still trafficked in prevailing stereotypes, it did so “to illuminate political and social hypocrisies of the time, as well as to highlight what the editors believed were the correct behaviors expected of immigrants and native-born Americans” (136). Texas Siftings also delivered humorous barbs regarding British policies towards the Irish. Cronin contextualizes Texas Siftings—which has been largely ignored by scholars despite its vast influence and popularity—by documenting its place within the proliferation of American humor magazines during the last two decades of the 1800s. Cronin’s chapter serves simultaneously as important comic recovery and as a musing on the often-ambiguous political possibilities of comic caricatures and stereotyped, essentializing humor.John Wharton Lowe also considers newspaper humorists in “Eugene Field, Finley Peter Dunne, and George Ade,” a chapter in the edited volume Chicago: A Literary History. Lowe connects these late nineteenth-century Chicago humor columnists via their shared “celebration and use of dialect and slang,” which were traditionally markers of inferiority” but become “in their hands . . . a sign of a new age, linguistic creativity, and the energy of a rising metropolis” (138). Lowe offers brief literary biographies of all three writers as well as representative readings of excerpts of their writing. Lowe’s chapter resuscitates some important comic and satiric work of largely forgotten humorists from the heartland whose jokes cloaked “jeremiad[s]” about social conditions and the plight of the working classes in the city of broad shoulders (149).Christopher Petrakos studies a different strand of largely ignored late nineteenth-century humor writing in “Comedy Gold,” which considers how settlers and visitors on the Alaska-Yukon border in the decade before the gold rush used humor to set social boundaries in the absence of official state authority. Petrakos considers the travel writing of frontiersman William Ogilvie and Chicago Record reporter turned miner William Douglas Johns, arguing that both writers leverage humor to create shared laughter among insiders—mostly those who were seen to have adapted successfully to frontier living—and to demarcate outsiders—mostly newcomers who were more connected to the regulated civilization they had left behind as well as tourists, Native Americans, Black Americans, and women. Petrakos draws on Bakhtinian notions of leveling humor, comic spectacle, and the banquet to describe Yukon frontier humor, especially practical jokes. This well-historicized essay on humor and imperialism demonstrates just how central humor was to life on the northern frontier, with “extraordinary power to create and define community and establish insider and outsider status” (103).In “African-American Humor and Trust,” philosopher Michael Barber also considers literary humor in terms of in-groups and out-groups. In attempting to summarize African American comedy and its dangerous relationship to white audiences from slavery through Richard Pryor, Barber risks overgeneralization, but his exploration of whether African Americans ever came to trust whites enough to share their humor throughout the historical period that included slavery and Jim Crow is compelling. Barber explores moments in “Ole Massa” tales largely consumed with expressing aggression and outrage against slavery and Jim Crow oppression that nevertheless imagine sharing humor with white interlocutors and that envision “the possibility of transforming their white audience through the humor shared with them,” of “reconciling, even equalizing blacks and whites, and restoring precisely what the long history of slavery and Jim Crow had denied” (162).David Bromwich’s “Ellison and the Visibility of Laughter” also takes up humor, laughter, and race in the segregated American South, exploring Ralph Ellison’s social uses of laughter and comedy in two essays, “The World and the Jug” (1964) and “An Extravagance of Laughter” (1985). The first was a response to socialist critic Irving Howe’s assertion that writers like Ellison and James Baldwin should be more overtly political. In this response, Ellison draws on W. E. B. Du Bois’s concept of double consciousness to develop a “tragicomic” perspective and attitude on African American life that, as Bromwich highlights, Ellison associates with blues music (207). In “An Extravagance of Laughter,” Ellison ponders his inappropriate and uncontrollable public laughter at a play he attended in the 1930s and offers a fable about a town with “laughing barrels” in the segregated South, where black people laughing “at improbable, improper moments” were required to “ retire when the fit of laughter struck” (211). Bromwich characterizes the laughing barrels as a comic inoculation to the brutality of lynching and points out how Kenneth Burke’s theories of humor influenced Ellison’s tragicomic approach not just in these essays but also in his famous novel Invisible Man.In “Market Segmentation and Shirley Jackson’s Domestic Humor,” Benjamin Mangrum offers a historicized analysis of the role that mid-twentieth-century women’s magazines played in market capitalism alongside an analysis of Shirley Jackson’s satiric domestic nonfiction. Mangrum seeks to rebut a critical consensus that devalues this nonfiction that she produced for women’s magazines, arguing that Jackson’s domestic humor satirizes rather than accepts normative gender roles. Jackson’s pieces puncture popular magazines’ hackneyed depictions of happy homes in part by satirizing husbands’ embodiment of “a remote kind of incompetence” (63). Mangrum contends that the reading publics imagined by Jackson’s domestic humor anticipate and require “market divergence in US print culture” (60). Such market segmentation, Mangrum argues, creates a space for satires like those by Jackson (and, later, Gloria Steinem) within mass-market magazines; popular print venues are thus retooled for the purpose of feminist critique.In “Parody as Pedagogy in Nabokov’s Pale Fire,” Paul Thifault proposes a method of teaching Nabokov’s Pale Fire—a book that presents a scholarly edition of a poem called “Pale Fire” surrounded by comically “unhinged critical commentary”—by highlighting its parody of oft-taught T. S. Eliot poems (15). Pale Fire is usually seen as difficult to teach because “the fun Nabokov has at the expense of academe requires a reader familiar with that world” (16). So Thifault encourages instructors to focus on Pale Fire’s parodic allusions to Eliot as a way to help students arrive at their own understandings of Nabokov’s satire of academia and literary criticism. Among other pedagogical strategies, he suggests teaching Eliot’s Four Quartets, “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” and other works as a “comic introduction to critical discourse” (18) that will allow them to hunt for allusions to Eliot when they read Pale Fire. Such an approach also helps students see how allusions do not just refer to other texts but also express anxiety about one text’s relationship to another.In Humor, Empathy, and Community in Twentieth-Century American Poetry, Rachel Trousdale pushes back against the prevailing notion that high modernism necessarily requires high seriousness. She argues that attending to humor and laughter in modernist American poetry community among readers and writers and in and According to modernist American poetry features humor that is often and that the and by both and and shared Trousdale is particularly in how humor and laughter or social in that both and introduction humor and theories of humor, feminist understandings of humor, of the relationship outsider humor and race and and that how laughter national the relationship laughter and and these for identity. As Trousdale it, “The theories of humor are also theories of what it to be The that humor, laughter, and community in the works of famous and modernist including W. T. S. and The and final and in considers the of modernist comic in the twenty-first century such as and also treats humor in modernist poetry in her to the collection in chapter how use of humor is at with the and of humor by and humorous and satirical help her in double her presents necessarily humor fuses with as her and are to be both and felt as our Trousdale the comic particularly her use of humor to through an analysis of three and modernist Philip is to humor In 2021, two in the collection Philip in literary uses of humor and Comic comic run the from Mark Twain, and to and nineteenth-century frontier traces the of humor throughout his According to humor over the and was with and a of the he consistently used to social and political satire that and norms while still the of and the of chapter in homes in on political arguing that his novel of Richard who a to “the of while the other way at against the only satirical novel but also a because it did not what of work as more at even it is not specifically political satire because than satirizing political it takes at the way people about and how of our a to at specifically The which that “the that we are left to face is not a but our considers satire in the work of another George in all on In her close reading of short updates of satire in of for the or the modernist satiric with the in as an of the of satire because the of through the of specifically and both as a method of and a way to a for the satire the of capitalism and the of while expressing and an in the power of satiric of a examines the work of a different kind of twenty-first century and offers work as an of how writers use comedy to to women from comic and to the of what it is like to with a her readers . . . who with this to and readers with to her suggests that use of is a way to the of to others what book The of in takes concept of and it to narrative both an approach to twenty-first century writing and a heuristic for it because the concept of that we be of and our of and their possible from the of the narrative in literature from the that and including that and of to readers of Studies in American Humor is chapter and the and the of treats the as a of all satirical she argues, to the what we . . . and what we to be which in the of this and examines as in that fact and in the of the newspaper E. Caron’s as the Comic and also with notion of in this case to describe the of satire in the public Caron’s and nuanced book satire and its to the public from the through the In part Caron the “comic public as a parodic to of the public as an of discourse comic political is a of discourse from political satire through “a of in its which encourages its audiences to and their own in the public the comic public Caron the the of and the the of identifies a particular of satire called that only accepts the of more than while highlighting the of to In part Caron his of satire to several and J. to satirists such as and Caron also highlights and that satire that the to within the of the comic public and an to in the public Chapter questions as to when satire the or chapter at public of as a way to through the to which satire is by to it, and chapter as a that the important role that to power of in our book is one of many 2021 scholarly of satire and political These from various share an in the of political satire and political also the relationship humor and in the twenty-first special of and in and multiple on these and an among other humor scholars on the of the political of the in an issue of comedy as the of people and state of its and highlights role in the cultural to at a to the with and the relationship comedy and social a of satire that and and in a more to than to satirists and that, in an when do not just on but also have different satire its value and and largely we are in simultaneously and In her Finley of and M. work on the humorous to Black women’s satirical humor that the form of Finley analyzes the work of two Black women American Sarah and who use political humor to of state and to their audiences to see those of state as and considers how its to both and social and highlights power to and they are or calls for more studies on the power of comedy that seeks to social and the comic of the a of that uses humor and social for social and as in a that to political in the case of the that the played on the (and, more of a who his way to the largely via of also published a special issue on humor and in In an introduction on humor and issue editors James S. and highlight the of humor to political and and state their of and comedy as important of in and a political of humor to a focused more on cultural and an on the in political studies Humor, they connects to their their political and helps them in and their The essays that how the

In urban China, the social welfare system and the family structure have changed dramatically, while gender norms are still deep-rooted, particularly among older adults. Under this social, demographic and cultural context, this study aims to take a gender-specific perspective to investigate whether and how gender moderates the roles of pensions, social support and self-care ability on older adults’ life satisfaction. Based on the survey data collected from 2,047 older adults aged 65 years and over in urban China in 2018, multiple linear regressions were applied to explore the moderation effects. The results show that the pension is important to older adults’ life satisfaction regardless of gender. For social support, the association between family support and life satisfaction is stronger for older men than for older women; interdependent social support, especially being a confidant, matters more to women than to men. The interaction between self-care ability and gender reveals some interesting patterns: self-care ability is found to have a positive association with women's life satisfaction but a negative association with men's. This study contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating how gender intertwines with the most important factors of older adult's life satisfaction in China – a society with strong gender norms and a patriarchal culture. These findings could be relevant to other Asian societies.

In Viktor Sokolov’s article "Publication of auction catalogs as a component of the formation of public auctions of antique books and the formation of book culture in Ukraine at the end of the 18th – at the beginning of the 21st century in the context of the global development of book auctions" on the basis of the analysis of primary sources and materials of scientific publications, the development of book auctions in the 17th–21st centuries is characterized in some leading countries of the world. The place and significance of publishing auction catalogs in the development of book printing and book trade in Ukraine in the 18th–21st centuries is analyzed. The importance of studying and highlighting the publication of auction catalogs for historical and bibliographic and historical and librarian studies has been clarified and substantiated. The purpose of the proposed article is to analyze and characterize the peculiarities of the formation and development of the publication of auction catalogs in the context of the formation of book auctions on the territory of Ukraine in the 18th–21st centuries against the background of the development of the antiquarian book trade at auctions in some developed countries of the world, as well as the study of the specifics of the creation, functioning and significance of auction catalog editions for historical-bibliographic and historical-library studies. The methodological basis of the proposed work was structural-functional and systemic approaches. In his work, the author widely used general scientific and historical research methods: comparison, analogy, deduction, induction, analysis; descriptive, analytical, typological methods, as well as historical-comparative, historical-genetic, historical-typological, chronological and other methods of scientific research. The scientific novelty of the study consists in expanding ideas about the features of creation, publication and functioning of auction catalogs of book auctions; in identifying and characterizing specific signs of the development of the publication of auction catalogs in the territory of Ukraine; in elucidating the essence of the concept of “auction catalog of book auctions” and in substantiating the importance of their study and significance in the activities of specialized divisions of leading libraries, as well as in the development of historical-bibliographic and library research. Conclusions. Auction catalogs are usually heavily illustrated and offer detailed descriptions of rare books, manuscripts, and other documents offered at book auction that may have significant bibliographic and bibliophile value. Highlighting the trends and peculiarities of the development of the book trade in some developed countries of the world and the analysis of auction catalogs printed on the territory of Ukraine made it possible to conclude that at the end of the 18th century there was a need to prepare and conduct auctions on the territory of the country, to establish the principles and organizational rules of their activity, which depended on the level and nature of the organization of the book trade, local cultural and educational needs, the level of development of the spheres of science, education and culture, on the nature and peculiarities of the domestic policies of the governments of the sovereign states in certain regions of Ukraine. The further development of book auctions in Ukraine shows their increasing differentiation and consistent progress. The proposed periodization of the formation of book auctions on the territory of Ukraine testifies to the sequence of origin and natural development of the auction trade in antique books in the country. However, the identified historical periods and stages of formation and the characteristics of their development indicate certain difficulties and contradictions in the evolution of both book auctions and the organization of publication of auction catalogs. The specifics of the development of book auctions and the publication of auction catalogs on the territory of Ukraine are determined by significant fluctuations in the rates of their quantitative and qualitative growth during a certain period of development. Only in the conditions of the development of independent statehood, in the country at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries, the sustainable development of book auctions according to the Western European model takes place. The holding of two specialized book auctions of ancient Ukrainian books in Ukraine in 2016 shows that a certain steady demand for ancient Ukrainian books has already formed; that compatriots became more interested in the history of their country and appreciated the objects of its cultural heritage. However, this development of book auctions in the country is hindered by the lack of a regulatory framework for the auction book trade, the lack of a clear scheme for the examination and evaluation of antique books, a system of encouraging its collection, the insufficiency of spreading and raising the level of book culture, proper promotion of the role and importance of books in society in general. The characteristics of the development of book auctions show that under favorable conditions for the progress of library work, proper financing of activities and development of libraries, book auctions can serve as one of the sources of stocking specialized funds of leading libraries (primarily national) with old prints, manuscripts and other types of rare and valuable books as well as a certain way of freeing libraries from unnecessary duplicates. The sale of morally outdated editions, duplicates of ancient books allows the library to make room for new incomes, and also provides significant funds, which are needed by book collections to replenish the fund with new editions, equipment, etc. The analysis and characteristics of editions of auction catalogs that were created on the territory of Ukraine shows that the origin and development of book auctions in the country took place in accordance with the general laws and global trends of the evolution of book auctions: the correspondence of the scale, features and principles of the organization of book auctions to the level of development of the domestic book printing, book trade and general development of book culture; the dependence of indicators of quantitative characteristics of book auctions on the scale and pace of development of the book and library business, the spheres of science, education and culture as a whole; the connection of the development of specialization and species differentiation of the book trade with the characteristic features of the growth of book trade needs, the level and uniqueness of requests of certain categories of readers, bibliophiles, collectors, as well as the specifics of the activities of certain cultural and educational institutions. Auction catalogs, in addition to providing information about the interests and financial capabilities of booksellers, about the publishing aspirations of publishers, allow to determine the branch, language, geographical and other features of publications; their types and species; ways of distribution and residence; quantitative characteristics of distribution of individual publications; changes in the external form of the book; the material value of the book and the factors on which it depended; and also reflect many features of the book auction itself, its features, rules and principles.

A SURVEY of botanical literature shows that the origin and the early stages in the development of axillary buds have been investigated a number of times, yet the later phases of development have, in contrast, received comparatively little attention. The works of Koch (1893), Schmidt (1924), and Louis (1935) are especially noteworthy for their detailed accounts of the initial stages in bud formation. Recently several other papers (Majumdar on Heracleum, 1942; Majumdar and Datta on Heracleum and Leonurus, 1946; Reeve on Garrya, 1943; Wardlaw on Matteuccia, Onoclea, and Dryopteris, 1943a, 1943b, 1946; Sterling on Sequoia, 1945a, 1945b, and on Pseudotsuga, 1947; Miller and Wetmore on Phlox, 1946) have further added to our knowledge on this subject, though on widely separated groups of plants. With few references to the later stages of development, especially vasculation, it has not been possible to make generalizations or to formulate a clear concept of bud ontogeny. The differentiation of xylem and phloem in axillary buds is considered in only one paper (Miller and Wetmore, 1946). Further, there has existed a marked divergence of opinion on some of the basic concepts of bud formation; the differences concern such fundamental problems as the origin of bud primordia, the origin of bud traces, and the differentiation of the procambium. With incomplete information on certain developmental stages on the one hand, and with contrasting descriptions and interpretations on the other hand, it seemed desirable that a comprehensive study of the main phases of bud development be made. In this first paper of a series which is concerned with axillary buds of plants with different phyllotactic patterns, different nodal connections, and different bud arrangements, attention is centered upon the origin, the development of general form, and the vasculation of axillary buds of Syringa vulgaris. Consideration is given to the timing and the orderly succession of the progressive developmental stages and to the nature of the vascular strands connecting axillary buds with the vascular tissue of the main axis. MATERIAL AND METHODS.-Syringa vulgaris (fig. 1) was selected as a species for this first study because the plant has opposite leaves, a condition favorable for sectioning and examination of nodal structure; and because the leaf traces are unilacunar, the least complex type of vascular connection. Collections were made every 3 or 4 days or weekly during March and April, 1946, at the time when the buds were opening and during the early period of shoot elongation. Additional material was 1Received for publication September 8, 1948. The writer wishes to express her sincere appreciation and gratitude to Professor Ralph H. Wetmore for his kindly interest, his guidance, and constructive criticism throughout the course of this investigation. obtained at intervals throughout the late spring, summer, and fall months of 1945 and during the spring and summer of 1946. Buds and young twigs were fixed in Craf solution, dehydrated in a series of n-butyl alcohol (Zirkle, 1930), and embedded in rubberized paraffin. Serial sections, transverse and longitudinal, were cut 8 and 10 , thick. Two staining procedures were used: Heidenhain's iron-alum haematoxylin with safranin as the counterstain (Jeffrey, 1917), ......~~~~~~.. ........ . . , J......,

Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 1. 2022, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The issue opens with the article "Al Noor Island - a Place Where Art and Culture Meet Nature" by J. Smolenkova. It is devoted to modern architecture and touches upon the philosophy of architecture ecology as a new concept of contemporary construction. On the example of a unique project implemented on the island of Al Noor in the UAE, the author considers examples of pavilions and sculptural installations, united by the theme of new aesthetics and humanistic mutual influence of nature and architecture as new realities of modern society. In her article "Glasstress: a Transparent Border Between Mimicry and Mimesis", M. Burganova analyses the modern artistic process that began in the middle of the 20th century as part of the craft + art concept using the example of "Glasstress. Window to the Future” exhibition, held in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. The Stalinist Empire style, a unique phenomenon in the architecture of the Soviet period, is analysed by V. Slepukhin in the article "Soviet Architecture of the 1930-1950s". The author determines its place among such architectural styles and trends as Art Nouveau, Rationalism and Constructivism and gives a detailed description. In the article “Palladian Architecture of Denmark in the 17th-18th Centuries”, O. Tsvetkova considers the evolution of architecture in Denmark in the 17th-18th centuries, explores the influence of French classicism and Dutch Palladianism on national manifestations of style. On the example of specific buildings, the chronology of the classical architectural tradition development is traced. The creative continuity of architectural dynasties is studied in the context of the pan-European architectural trends of the time; the history of the Danish architecture development is traced. I. Pavlova continues the theme of dialogues in art in the article “The Role of the ‘English’ Theme in One of the Episodes of L. Tolstoy’s Novel, Anna Karenina". The author expresses the opinion that the development of the "English" theme in the episodes of the races and preparations for them serves to dispell false values, the ephemeral virtues of Tolstoy's contemporary society, pride and arrogance. The author believes that the main role of the "English" theme lies in the development and implementation of the moralistic setting of the novel, the expansion of the content space of the work and depiction of the dramatic image of the era. In the article "V. Borovikovsky’s Sketch ‘God the Father Contemplating Dead Christ’ As a Synthesis of Western European and Orthodox Traditions”, V. Makhonina considers iconographic interpretations of the plot and conducts a stylistic analysis of the work. The article "The Concept - Text - Interpretation Triad in Piano Music of the Second Half of the 20th - 21st Centuries" by O. Krasnogorova is devoted to the problems of the performing arts of modern times in the context of the general system of humanitarian thinking. The concept of interpretation from the standpoint of conceptual metaphors and research in the field of musical semiology are considered by the author. In the article, the broad interpretation of a musical text goes beyond the actual musical text into the area of ??signs, metaphors and metonyms. In the article "Instrumental Performance on Wind and Percussion Instruments in the Context of Traditional Rituals Accompanying Work in China", Huang Shuai analyses traditional Chinese wind and percussion instruments; he considers such issues as instrumental combinations and musicians. The author applies the historical research method, source study and musicological analysis of audio and video materials. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.

Purpose Over the past several years, a variety of assistive technologies have been conceived and developed to support independent living and quality of life of older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). Within this area socially-assistive robotics is a growing field. However, although robotics has the potential to support the elderly with cognitive impairment in daily tasks, the development of usable interfaces remains a challenge. For instance, changes in perceptual and cognitive abilities should be addressed in robotics design because they affect technology use. The aim of the QuoVADis project was to develop a socially-assistive robot for elderly people with cognitive impairment. The semi-autonomous remotely controlled robot consists of a mobile platform guided by a computer and electronic system. The robot input devices include speech control and a touch-screen. The system, capable of social interaction, was specifically conceived to provide cognitive and social support to the user through a suite of applications (task reminder, cognitive training, navigation support, and communication). The purpose of this work was to develop the graphical user interface (GUI) through which these services are provided. In a previous study we defined a set of requirements that were used to design the robot’s GUI. In this paper we present results from usability testing of the functional prototype of the GUI with target end-users and the modifications made to produce the final version of the applications. Method We used a user-centred design approach for the GUI design. Eleven elderly persons with MCI and 11 elderly with normal cognition were recruited for this study. First, the moderator described the purpose of the research, introduced the robot and explained the evaluation procedure. Then participants were asked to complete a series of tasks using the main menu of the GUI and navigate through its different applications. Performance and satisfaction measures were collected (e.g., time to complete each task, number of errors due to manipulation, number of help requests). Tests were conducted individually. Results & Discussion Findings confirmed that most of the features of the GUI were adapted to the needs and capacities of older adults with cognitive impairment. However, individual factors (age, education level, and computer experience) were found to affect task performances. Moreover, some particular aspects of the interfaces (icons, navigation system) had to be modified to make the application usable by the largest number of patients suffering from cognitive deficits. These results were used to develop the final version of the GUI. We confirmed that designing and developing assistive technologies to support elderly with cognitive impairment requires end-user involvement throughout all the development and evaluation phases. This study is an example of a successful design process for assistive technologies to support MCI-patients and their caregivers, involving them throughout all the development phases and applying the concept of iterative evaluations.