Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy is widely used in the treatment and research of hepatocellular carcinoma. A novel targeted nanobubble complex mediated with Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether and Lonidamine was structured as a sensitizer, characterized the properties, and studied the therapeutic effect on hepatocellular carcinoma. The complexes can promote the apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and work better in combination with sonodynamic therapy. The differential expression of multiple types of RNA in hepatocellular carcinoma with sonodynamic therapy can be identified accurately with high-throughput RNA sequencing. The differential expressions of mRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA were analyzed by RNA-Seq. The enrichment analyses (Gene Ontology and KEGG) prompted the meaningful genes and pathways in the process of sonodynamic therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. HMME-LND@C3F8-NBs conjugated with ultrasound is confirmed efficiently for inhibiting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and it is a combination of multiple genes and mechanisms.
Highlights
As everyone knows, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by rapid growth and high malignancy (Li et al, 2019)
The appearance of pure NBs was shown as a uniform white emulsion, and the Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME)-LND@C3F8NBs were rendered as a uniform pink emulsion
The groups of HepG2 cells (Figure 2C) and Huh7 cells (Figure 2D) treated with HMME-LND@C3F8-NBs show more significant cytotoxicity than the other groups; the results reveal that NBs combined with HMME and LND decreased cell viability more significantly than LND alone, HMME alone, and NBs combined with HMME
Summary
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by rapid growth and high malignancy (Li et al, 2019). Just a few patients can have surgery at early stages (Ma et al, 2017), and the postoperative recurrence rate of HCC is approximately as high as 50% (Bruix et al, 2015). This shows that the exploration of efficient and safe methods for HCC therapy is necessary. The combination of low-intensity and low-frequency ultrasound (US) and the sensitizers in tumor tissue to produce cell cytotosis is the principle of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) (Trendowski, 2015). This method is an extension of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The patients, after the injection of a photosensitizer, must be shielded from sunlight to avoid possible phototoxicity
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