Risk, Reality, Regulations? Finding what’s reasonable in copyright guidance

The purpose of this study was to measure professional and personal values among nurses, and to identify the factors affecting these values. The participants were 323 Israeli nurses, who were asked about 36 personal values and 20 professional values. The three fundamental professional nursing values of human dignity, equality among patients, and prevention of suffering, were rated first. The top 10 rated values all concerned nurses' responsibility towards patients. Altruism and confidentiality were not highly rated, and health promotion and nursing research were rated among the last three professional values. For personal (instrumental) values, honesty, responsibility and intelligence were rated first, while ambition and imagination were rated 14th and 16th respectively out of 18. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among some personal and professional values rated as functions of culture, education, professional seniority, position and field of expertise. The results may assist in understanding the motives of nurses with different characteristics and help to promote their work according to professional ethical values.

This study explored the personal, professional, and leadership values of prelicensure nursing students prior to beginning their nursing program. The NurseMetrix values survey (<xref>Koerner, 1995</xref>) was used to understand what values students possess. This descriptive pilot study used a convenience sample (<italic>n</italic>=87) consisted of two nursing cohorts at a Midwestern public university. One cohort (51.7%) was from an undergraduate baccalaureate nursing program; the other (48.3%) was from a 12-month accelerated second-degree baccalaureate nursing program. Researchers used an item-values questionnaire and analysis of variance to examine the variance between the two groups. Pearson’s correlations were used to examine the correlation between the two groups’ values. The analysis revealed no significant differences in personal, professional, or leadership values between the two cohorts (personal: <italic>F</italic>=0.123, <italic>p</italic>=.727; professional: <italic>F</italic>=0.013, <italic>p</italic>=.910; leadership: <italic>F</italic>=0.089, <italic>p</italic>=.766). No significant difference was found between personal and professional values in either cohort. A strong correlation was found to exist between personal and leadership values (<italic>r</italic>=.832) and between professional and leadership values (<italic>r</italic>=.734), regardless of cohort. Results from this study reveal that young nurse professionals have balance in their professional and personal values.

Introduction. In industrialized regions and cities, atmospheric air pollution greatly contributes to the hazard for public health. The study aim was to assess the state of the atmospheric air in the city of Novokuznetsk over 2017–2022 and determine the levels of risks to public health. Materials and methods. Data on gross atmospheric emissions and average annual concentrations of the substances was taken from the reports on the state of the environment of the Kemerovo region and Novokuznetsk. Maximum permissible concentrations of atmospheric pollutants were determined according to SanPiN 1.2.3685–21. Calculations of the risks to public health were carried out in accordance with Guideline P 2.1.10.1920–04. The classification of risk levels was carried out on the basis of MR 2.1.10.0156–19. 2.1.10. Results. Decrease in total atmospheric emissions from 2017 to 2022 amounted to 50.1 thousand tons (about 16%). At the same time, there was revealed an excess of the average annual maximum permissible concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (3.5-11.2 times); formaldehyde (1.7 and 3.4 times over 2021 and 2022, respectively); suspended substances (1.6 and 2.0 times in 2021 and 2022, respectively); hydrogen fluoride (1.2 times in 2021); nitrogen dioxide (1.6 times in 2022). The hazard coefficients of benzo(a)pyrene were 3.5–11.2 (high level of non-carcinogenic risk); formaldehyde and suspended substances – 1.1–3.0 (alarming level). In 2022, the hazard coefficient for formaldehyde was 3.4 (high risk level), suspended substances – 2.0, nitrogen dioxide – 1.6 (alarming risk level). Hazard indices of pollutants were detected in the range from 7.0 to 20.1 (high level of risk). The main critical organs and systems were the immune system (hazard indices were 4.0–14.6), development during childhood (hazard indices – 3.5–11.2), respiratory organs (hazard indices – 3.0–8.6). These risk levels range from alarming to high. The highest total individual carcinogenic risk (1.6•10–4) was determined in 2021 (alarming level), the main contribution is made by formaldehyde. Limitations. In 2022, there were no data on carbon (soot) concentrations, so the level of total carcinogenic risk this year cannot be considered to be correct. Conclusion. Reducing the total volume of atmospheric emissions does not provide a significant effect on improving the environmental situation and public health, since high concentrations of pollutants remain in the city’s atmosphere. When implementing air protection measures, it is necessary to take into account risk criteria.

Background and objectiveSeveral cardiovascular risk factors have emerged as important determinants of severe illness and death among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, the full impact of these cardiovascular risk factors is still under investigation. This study aimed to investigate the association between patients' level of cardiovascular risk and the severity of COVID-19.Materials and methodsThis observational study included all adult patients with COVID-19 hospitalized at Sheikh Khalifa Ibn Zaid International University Hospital from March 20 to May 10, 2020. The cardiovascular risk level was assessed by the doctor responsible for each patient based on the 2019 European Society of Cardiology (ESC), the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) guidelines. We examined the association between the patients' level of cardiovascular risk and their severity of COVID-19 disease by using a logistic regression model.ResultsAmong 133 patients with confirmed COVID-19, 46.6% had a low cardiovascular risk level, 19.5% had a moderate risk level, 15.8% had a high risk level, and 18.1% was found to have a very high risk level. Patients with different cardiovascular risk levels had significantly different rates of complications including secondary infection (p-value: <0.001), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (p-value = 0.017), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (p-value: <0.001), and death (p-value: <0.001). A patient's very high cardiovascular risk level versus low, moderate, or high cardiovascular risk level was independently associated with ICU admission [OR = 6.42, 95% CI: (1.45-28.30)].ConclusionBased on our findings, an increased level of cardiovascular risk among patients was strongly associated with the severity of COVID-19. This study also highlights the need for assessing cardiovascular risk factors in all patients with COVID-19.

Half of Vermont Academic and Public Libraries Lack Written Confidentiality Policies Despite Directors’ Support for Principles of Patron Confidentiality

Updating the tasks of strengthening the value foundations of the Russian education system requires special attention to the professional values of teachers. The purpose of the study: to study the ideas of teaching staff in the general education system about professional values, to identify problems and deficiencies in educational practice in the area of axiological competence of teachers and to identify, based on the analysis of empirical data, current approaches to the formation of professional values in teachers. The novelty of the study lies in the characterization of the system of professional values of teachers, the conditions for their formation by means of additional professional education. An empirical study was conducted in the form of a questionnaire among teaching staff of general education organizations in eight regions of the Russian Federation. The values that determine the professional activities of teachers at school are analyzed. The problem of contradictions between professional and personal life values, the impact of these contradictions on the professional activities of teachers is considered; the opinion of teaching staff on the demand by schoolchildren for confirmation of the values transmitted by them in communication, the actions of a teacher in everyday school life. The features of the formation of professional values of teachers and the value attitude of teachers to their profession, the factors that ensure the stability of value attitudes of school teachers are considered. Based on the results of the empirical study, approaches to the design of the value component of additional professional education of teaching staff of general education organizations, aimed at developing their professional values, including the formation of ideas about traditional Russian values as an axiological basis for the general education system; value attitude to childhood, the child’s personality, the teaching profession; ideas about the axiological potential of the content of general education; the professional position of the teacher and its implementation in the practice of interaction with students during class and extracurricular activities; the formation of readiness to analyze their own pedagogical experience in the context of the implementation of professional values in practice; factors that determine the readiness of an individual for value self-determination in situations of choice; the theory and methods of forming a system of value orientations in schoolchildren

Theoretical basis This case is based on Weatherford International’s settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Department of Justice (DOJ). Both the SEC and the DOJ were critical of Weatherford for its violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and for its “inadequate internal controls.” This case explores the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) violations and issues related to internal controls. Research methodology Case study. Case overview/synopsis This case is based on Weatherford International’s settlement with the SEC and the Department of Justice. Weatherford provided equipment and services in the oil and gas industry. Because international markets were growing faster than domestic markets, Weatherford made a strategic decision to pursue growth in international markets. The oil and gas industry has high levels of operating risk as did the countries that Weatherford decided to pursue operations in. However, despite the decision to take on additional risk, Weatherford failed to implement adequate systems of internal controls. The title of the case “A Perfect Storm” refers to Weatherford’s trifecta of operating in an industry with high levels of corruption risk, countries with high levels of corruption risk and failing to implement adequate internal controls despite those high operating risks (Department of Justice, 2013). Weatherford was ultimately assessed a $152m penalty for its violations of the FCPA that included bribery, volume discounts, improper payments and kickbacks. Complexity academic level Undergraduate and graduate auditing classes.

Background“Emergency Room Evaluation and Recommendations” (ER2) risk levels (i.e., low, moderate and high) may be used to screen for major neurocognitive disorders (MNCD) in older emergency department users, as a high ER2 risk level is associated with MNCD diagnosis. This study aims to examine the association of ER2 risk levels with incident MNCD in community-dwelling older adults.MethodsA total of 709 participants of the EPIDémiologie de l’OStéoporose (EPIDOS) study—an observational population-based cohort study—were recruited in Toulouse (France). ER2 low, moderate and high risk levels were determined at baseline. Incident MNCD and their type (i.e., Alzheimer’s disease (AD) vs. non-AD) were diagnosed after a 7-year follow-up period.ResultsThe overall incidence of MNCD was 29.1%. A low ER2 risk level was associated with low incidence of MNCD [Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.71 with P = 0.018] and AD (HR = 0.56 with P = 0.003), whereas a high risk level, both individually and when combined with a moderate risk level, was associated with high incidence of MNCD (HR ≥ 1.40 with P ≤0.018) and AD (HR ≥ 1.80 with P ≤ 0.003). No association was found with incident non-AD.ConclusionER2 risk levels were positively associated with incident MNCD in EPIDOS participants, suggesting that ER2 may be used for risk screening of MNCD in the older population.

The objective of this exploratory analysis was to determine if individual patient risk factors could be used to optimize chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Through validated risk prediction models which quantify patient risk factors, 152 patients with early-stage breast cancer scheduled to received adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy were categorized as being at low (level 0) or high-risk (level 1) for CINV. Prior to the first cycle of chemotherapy, low-risk patients received ondansetron and dexamethasone, while high-risk level 1 patients also received aprepitant. For subsequent cycles, patients who experienced CINV had their antiemetics changed in a stepwise manner to level 2 (extended-duration dexamethasone) or level 3 (extended-duration dexamethasone and low-dose olanzapine). The study enrolled 152 patients who received 484 cycles of chemotherapy. Forty patient cycles were classified as low risk (level 0) compared to 201, 162 and 81 that were classified as high-risk levels 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Complete control of acute and delayed vomiting was comparable and was achieved in over 85 % of patients across all risk levels (p = 0.56 and p = 0.99). In contrast, complete control of acute and delayed nausea was reduced in risk levels 1 to 3 compared to level 0 (acute = 51.2, 58.0, 45.7 vs. 70.0 %; p = 0.013)-(delayed = 32.8, 45.7, 34.6 vs. 62.5 %; p < 0.001). Despite the addition of aprepitant, extended-duration dexamethasone and olanzapine, patients at high risk for CINV due to personal risk factors failed to achieve good nausea control.

Purpose: Social changes and developments in educational policies bring along changes in the values of the teaching profession. The changing values increase the in-service training needs of the teachers. Although it is aimed to gain prospective teachers the values of the teaching profession in the pre-service period, it is seen that the target is not sufficiently achieved. The present research aims to investigate administrators’ opinions regarding the values that should be gained among classroom teachers through in-service training. Research Methods: This study was designed in a qualitative, case study pattern. The study group was 24 school administrators working in primary schools. The participants were determined using a criterion sampling method. The data were collected by a semi-structured grid form developed by the researchers. Findings: The values to be gained during in-service training among classroom teachers were (i) personal values: openness to innovation, diligence, patience, awareness, honesty, politeness, empathy, consistency and reliability, (ii) professional values: communication, leadership, creativity, collaboration, solidarity and vision, (iii) universal values: love, justice, tolerance and humanism and (iv) cultural values: patriotism, self-devotion and work selflessly. The personal values were in the first priority order of the values that should be gained class teachers through in-service training. Implications for Research and Practice: The findings reveal that classroom teachers should be trained with personal, professional, universal and cultural values in the in-service training process. The personal values should include the values, such as openness to innovation, diligence, patience, awareness, honesty, politeness, empathy; professional values should include the values, such as communication, leadership, creativity, collaboration, solidarity and vision .

Risk tolerance refers to an individual investor's inclination towards embracing fluctuations in investment values in pursuit of higher income. It reflects their capacity to endure such fluctuations and financial goals, time horizon and emotional comfort various including status influenced by factors. Personal preferences and investment choices with circumstances as it helps to regulate, informed investment decisions one's risk tolerance in taking understanding is important. financial situation, investment objectives, knowledge of the financial market, factors like experience, and emotional intelligence contribute to determining one's risk tolerance. Investors' risk tolerance is often assessed through questionnaires or evaluations conducted by financial advisors, which consider factors like attitudes towards risk, investment goals, time horizon, and financial situation. Based on the assessment, investors may be categorized into different risk profiles such as conservative, moderate, or aggressive, with corresponding investment strategies suggested accordingly. It's essential for investors to honestly evaluate and be realistic about their risk tolerance, as overestimating it may lead to excessive risk-taking and potential losses during market downturns, while underestimating it may result in overly conservative investment choices. Regular reviews of risk tolerance are recommended, especially in light of significant life events or market fluctuations. The concept of risk-return trade-off highlights that higher returns are typically associated with higher levels of risk, implying that investors expecting higher returns must be prepared to accept greater potential losses. However, risk tolerance isn't solely determined by financial factors; emotional elements such as fear, anxiety, and market sentiment also influence an investor's tolerance for risk and their behaviour during periods of volatility. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of risk tolerance encompasses both financial considerations and emotional factors. the GRA (Grey Relational Analysis) approach at its inception, focusing on the concept of the gray gadget. This technique is particularly effective for selection problems involving multiple attributes within a component. The current literature highlights its applicability in addressing problems associated with multiple factors and variables, especially when dealing with complex relationships. The GRA approach is well-suited for resolving issues related to fixing problems, and various types of GRA techniques have been proposed in the field. The introduction of the GRA approach is both straightforward and environmentally friendly, making it a practical choice for addressing complex problems involving multiple variables. Investment Objectives, Time Horizon, Financial Situation, Knowledge and Experience and Liquidity Needs. Risk Assessment Questionnaires, Investment Experience and Knowledge, Financial Situation, Investment Goals and Emotional Attitude Towards Risk. the Rank of GRA for Risk Tolerance of Individual Investors. Liquidity Needs is got the first rank whereas the Low Risk Tolerance is having the Lowest rank.

The physical therapy profession has adopted professional core values, which define expected values for its members, and developed a self-assessment tool with sample behaviors for each of the 7 core values. However, evidence related to the integration of these core values into practice is limited. The aims of this study were: (1) to gain insight into physical therapists' development of professional core values and (2) to gain insight into participants' integration of professional core values into clinical practice. A qualitative design permitted in-depth exploration of the development and integration of the American Physical Therapy Association's professional core values into physical therapist practice. Twenty practicing physical therapists were purposefully selected to explore the role of varied professional, postprofessional, and continuing education experiences related to exposure to professional values. The Core Values Self-Assessment and résumé sort served as prompts for reflection via semistructured interviews. Three themes were identified: (1) personal values were the foundation for developing professional values, which were further shaped by academic and clinical experiences, (2) core values were integrated into practice independent of practice setting and varied career paths, and (3) participants described the following professional core values as well integrated into their practice: integrity, compassion/caring, and accountability. Social responsibility was an area consistently identified as not being integrated into their practice. The Core Values Self-Assessment tool is a consensus-based document developed through a Delphi process. Future studies to establish reliability and construct validity of the tool may be warranted. Gaining an in-depth understanding of how practicing clinicians incorporate professional core values into clinical practice may shed light on the relationship between core values mastery and its impact on patient care. Findings may help shape educators' decisions for professional (entry-level), postprofessional, and continuing education.

The XYZ City Government has conducted an assessment using the KAMI Index, revealing that the governance aspect is weaker compared to other areas. Given this issue, a risk assessment was conducted to provide recommendations for the City of XYZ to improve its information security. The risk assessment was carried out using the NIST SP 800-30 framework, designed as a guideline for evaluating risk management. There are five risk categories: Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, and Very High. Based on the assessment using NIST 800-30, several critical areas for improvement were identified: Policy with a High level of risk, Data and Information with a Very High level of risk, Information Security Education with a Moderate level of risk, Accountability with a High level of risk, Implemented Programs with a High level of risk, Legal Aspects with a High level of risk, BCP and DRP Implementation with a High level of risk, Information Security Standards and Performance with a Moderate level of risk, and Information Security Management with a High level of risk.

The article is aimed at modeling the sale of exported crop production and animal husbandry of agricultural enterprises in the conditions of risks. It is identified that agricultural activities are accompanied by a number of threats of socio-economic, financial, market, infrastructure, systemic, environmental and institutional nature; some risks have been exacerbated in recent years due to climate change and food price instability. It is proved that small agrarian enterprises are especially vulnerable to the problems of ensuring their means of livelihood, may experience difficulties in assessing and managing risks, and do not receive an appropriate effect from investment opportunities that can improve business and strengthen their sustainability. Several risks that accompany the agricultural sector of Ukraine and often become real threats to its socio-economic development are allocated as such that are the least taken into account by agricultural enterprises of various organizational forms and sizes. They are gathered to six groups (market; reduction in labor potential; systemic; loss of trust; political; legal). The method of fuzzy sets (fuzzy logic) is applied, based on the Matlab package and the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox module, within which a fuzzy logical classification and inference system is created. The fuzzy format of the calculation results is ensured by the two-step sequence of the formation of sets (phazification and dephazification). According to the results of modeling the optimal export volumes under the influence of external and internal risks, it is proved that ensuring large volumes of plant exports is accompanied by medium and high levels of market risks, medium and high risks of reducing labor potential and medium and high levels of market risks; ensuring large volumes of exports of animal products is accompanied by low and medium levels of market risks, medium and high levels of risk of reducing labor potential, high levels of market risks and high levels of legal risks. The proposed model is favorable for agricultural enterprises in the process of their economic activity in order to identify the strength of either positive or negative impact of risks and other hidden connections to predict and optimize their activities, which will allow to more clearly establish the strategic priorities of their activities and use resources more rationally.

The aim of this study was to explore and compare the self-reported general and professional values in undergraduate student nurses and nurse educators in Lithuania. Contemporary nursing requires strong moral motivation and clear values as nurses confront many ethical dilemas in their practice. Students acquire essential values of the nursing profession through the appropriate role modelling of their educators. Nursing students seek to become capable in providing ethical and professional patient care while their educators attempt to model desired behaviours. A national cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in March 2011. Four-hundred eight respondents participated: 316 undergraduate nursing students and 92 nurse educators. A 57-item questionnaire was delivered to nursing programs at three universities and six colleges. Permission to conduct the study was granted by The Center on Bioethics. Student nurses and their educators rated the general value of altruism equally. Educators, in comparison with students, ranked honesty and intellectualism significantly higher and more often admired truth-telling in any circumstance. Students were more likely to avoid intellectual challenges in reading and placed lower importance on academic qualifications for career advancement. The professional nursing values of honesty, intellectualism and authority were ranked significantly higher by nurse educators than student nurses. The study revealed differences in self-reported general and professional values in undergraduate student nurses and nurse educators. The values of nurse educators were not always stronger than those of students. Positive relationships between particular general and professional values in both students and educators confirmed the link between professional and personal values.