Abstract
BackgroundUnhealthy lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, inactivity and type 2 diabetes are endemic in the Middle East. The public health consequences might be detrimental; however, local studies on risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) are scarce.MethodsPatients referred for coronary angiography at a tertiary hospital in Amman, Jordan, between January and December 2015, were included in this study. Risk factors for CAD were assessed in a multivariate logistic regression model, and presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsAmong 557 participants, 356 (63.9%) had CAD and 201 (36.1%) had a normal cardiogram. The majority (n = 395, 70.9%) were male, and median age was 55 years (interquartile range 47–64). Two-hundred-and-fifteen (38.6%) individuals reported previous diabetes, and 287 (51.5%) were current or previous smokers. In multivariate analysis, male gender (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.3–6.0), age (45–54 years: OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.7–8.5; 55–64 years: OR 6.0, 95% CI 3.2–11.4; ≥65 years: OR 15.7, 95% CI 7.8–31.3), previous diabetes (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–4.1) and current/previous smoking (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.4) were significant predictors of CAD.ConclusionsAge, gender, diabetes and smoking were strong and significant risk factors for CAD in Jordan. Public health interventions to reduce the prevalence of smoking and diabetes are urgently needed.
Highlights
Unhealthy lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, inactivity and type 2 diabetes are endemic in the Middle East
Male gender, age (45–54 years: odds ratio (OR) 4.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7–8.5; 55–64 years: OR 6.0, 95% CI 3.2–11.4; ≥65 years: OR 15.7, 95% CI 7.8–31.3), previous diabetes and current/previous smoking were significant predictors of coronary artery disease (CAD)
Public health interventions to reduce the prevalence of smoking and diabetes are urgently needed
Summary
Unhealthy lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, inactivity and type 2 diabetes are endemic in the Middle East. The public health consequences might be detrimental; local studies on risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) are scarce. Gender, smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) are established risk factors for CVD [2–5]. Most studies on predictors of CVD, have been carried out in Europe and North America, and little is known about the relative contribution of these risk factors in the Middle East. Tobacco use is more popular in the Middle East than elsewhere in the world, and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 41.0% of Jordanians above the age of 15 years are smokers [9]. A sedentary lifestyle is widespread in the region, illustrated by a recent study from 10 Middle Eastern countries, where only 19% of adolescents reported taking part in any sort of physical activity [10]
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