Abstract
Risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) have been widely researched worldwide, but the determinants of these factors among diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Palestine are currently unclear. We aimed to assess the prevalence of DR among DM in Northern West Bank and identify factors associated with DR natural history. Patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) (n = 300, age > 18 years) from a main diabetic center covering all northern provinces of Palestine were enrolled to this cross-sectional research. Demographic information including age, sex, and duration of T2D was obtained. Moreover, HbA1C, BMI, hypertension (HTN), controlled T2D, current smoking, and total cholesterol level were assessed. Potential correlations between these factors and DR diagnosed by ophthalmologist were evaluated using different tests on SPSS version 22. Prevalence of DR among our population was 30%; 47.8% of these patients showed mild non-proliferative DR (NPDR), 23.3% moderate NPDR, 16.7% severe NPDR, and 12.2% proliferative DR (PDR). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed age (p = 0.007), HTN (p = 0.022), uncontrolled T2D (p = 0.025), and duration of T2D (<0.001) were mostly associated with DR while multivariate logistic regression showed duration of T2D as the major and solely risk factor for prevalence of DR (p < 0.0001) and were positively correlated with severities of NPDR and being a strong predictor in the PDR (p = 0.001). We identified several important risk factors that affect DR, which could assist to develop effective strategies for metabolic disease prevention among populations in Palestine. Furthermore, our data suggest a necessity to control sugar serum levels and HTN.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, and it continues to increase in prevalence and disease burden [1]
Age, duration of Type 2 diabetes (T2D), HTN, uncontrolled T2D, and cholesterol were found significantly associated with the occurrence of Diabetic retinopathy (DR) with p-values 0.007,
There are a limited number of studies published on retinopathy in patients with T2D in Palestine
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, and it continues to increase in prevalence and disease burden [1]. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common complication of DM, is the leading cause of impaired vision in adults worldwide [2]. Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy Within Palestinian Patients of diabetes, type 1, type 2, or gestational may lead to DR complications. DR is largely asymptomatic in the early stages, and there is a need for regular eye screening for patients with diabetes to enable timely diagnosis and subsequent management of the condition [3]. In practice the early clinical features of DR complication are evident in the fundus on ophthalmoscopic examination, the initial diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy may be based on functional changes in electroretinography (ERG), retinal blood flow, and retinal blood vessel calibre [4]. The purpose of this study the prevalence and identify potential risk factors of DR among T2D patients
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