Abstract
Temperature across the globe is increasing continuously at the rate of 0.15–0.17 °C per decade since the industrial revolution. It is influencing agricultural crop productivity. Therefore, thermotolerance strategies are needed to have sustainability in crop yield under higher temperature. However, improving thermotolerance in the crop is a challenging task for crop scientists. Therefore, this review work was conducted with the aim of providing information on the wheat response in three research areas, i.e., physiology, breeding, and advances in genetics, which could assist the researchers in improving thermotolerance. The optimum temperature for wheat growth at the heading, anthesis, and grain filling duration is 16 ± 2.3 °C, 23 ± 1.75 °C, and 26 ± 1.53 °C, respectively. The high temperature adversely influences the crop phenology, growth, and development. The pre-anthesis high temperature retards the pollen viability, seed formation, and embryo development. The post-anthesis high temperature declines the starch granules accumulation, stem reserve carbohydrates, and translocation of photosynthates into grains. A high temperature above 40 °C inhibits the photosynthesis by damaging the photosystem-II, electron transport chain, and photosystem-I. Our review work highlighted that genotypes which can maintain a higher accumulation of proline, glycine betaine, expression of heat shock proteins, stay green and antioxidant enzymes activity viz., catalase, peroxidase, super oxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase can tolerate high temperature efficiently through sustaining cellular physiology. Similarly, the pre-anthesis acclimation with heat treatment, inorganic fertilizer such as nitrogen, potassium nitrate and potassium chloride, mulches with rice husk, early sowing, presoaking of a 6.6 mM solution of thiourea, foliar application of 50 ppm dithiothreitol, 10 mg per kg of silicon at heading and zinc ameliorate the crop against the high temperature. Finally, it has been suggested that modern genomics and omics techniques should be used to develop thermotolerance in wheat.
Highlights
HSP90 regulates transcription, cellular signaling, and managing protein folding through assembling molecular proteins including HSP40 and HSP70 [118,168,169], whereas HSP100 interacts with different smHSPs and HSP70 to prevent the aggregation of protein [170]
Heat tolerance is under polygenic control and the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis enlightens the genetic basis of thermotolerance in wheat
Many QTLs have been identified for physio-morphic traits in wheat, but few were identified against heat stress (Table 4), which facilitates in gene pyramiding and marker assisted selection in wheat breeding programs for developing thermotolerance
Summary
Climate change is the result of a higher level of greenhouse gases such carbon dioxide (CO2 ), nitrous oxide, and methane (CH4 ). These gases can entrap the sun rays leading towards the severity of extreme events for crops development [1,2]. The escalating global warming evokes an extreme weather pattern, increases disease incidences, insect pest survival, and influences crop productivity [5,6]. These gases possess more potential and persistency to entrap the sun rays than CO2 but a major contributor in global warming is CO2 [7]. There is a dire need to understand the wheat response against the high temperature and a suitable strategy to improve its productivity
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