Abstract
Rice leaves display lateral asymmetry around the midrib, and the narrow side exhibits higher leaf area-based nitrogen concentration (Na) and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values than the wider side. However, the difference in the relationship between the SPAD of each side and Na of the corresponding lateral half, and the optimal position along the leaf blade for SPAD measurements are not known. In this study, the relationship between SPAD and Na of both sides of the top three leaves was determined with 17 rice varieties grown over three growing seasons in two locations. The relationship between SPAD and Na displayed leaf lateral asymmetry, in which the wide side reflected a higher coefficient of determination than the narrow side. The ability to estimate Na of the whole leaf was slightly improved by averaging SPAD values across the leaf sides and measured points for the top two leaves. Apparently, it was more accurate and easier to measure SPAD readings on the wide side than the narrow side of rice leaf blade with respect to estimating plant N status. Due to the relatively poor relationship of the upper leaf, and the structural limit for SPAD measurements of the base, this study suggests that the most suitable and representative position for SPAD meter measurement on the leaf blade of rice is the lower-middle part from the leaf apex on the wide side.
Highlights
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cultivated crops and is a staple food in the diet of more than three billion people
We have previously reported leaf lateral asymmetry in leaf width, nitrogen concentration (Na), and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) of rice plants—the narrow side of the leaf blade had higher Na and SPAD values than the wide side [26]
The results suggested that leaf lateral asymmetries exist in the relationship between SPAD readings and Na for the top three rice leaves at the heading stage, with a closer relationship in the wide side than the narrow side
Summary
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cultivated crops and is a staple food in the diet of more than three billion people. Over the last 50 years there has been remarkable growth in rice production, providing the foundation for progress towards global food security [1]. Nitrogen is the nutrient element that is most limiting to the growth and productivity of rice. N fertilizer to ensure profitability in soils with uncertain fertility levels, and as insurance to achieve high rice yield [4]. Despite being a dominant factor in rice production and quality improvement, the excessive use of N fertilizer has reduced N use efficiency, burdened farmers economically, and harmed the environment [5]. Leaf N status is commonly monitored to determine the requirement for top Symmetry 2017, 9, 83; doi:10.3390/sym9060083 www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry
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