Abstract
A screen of rice genotypes was carried out on a total of 327 genotypes of the rice diversity panel for leaf vein density. Identifying locations of genes that impart to leaf vein density in a quantitative way should capable the using of these genes in plant breeding and accelerate producing C4 rice plant. Finding of genotypes of rice that have less distances between veins is still the challenge of the plant breeders. Screen was shown significant variations in leaf vein density. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the leaf vein density trait were identified by using Efficient Mixed Model Analysis (EMMA). QTLs were considered reportable if they had P values (below 0.0001). The most significant Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associations (EMMA 1.3, EMMA 1.8 and EMMA 10.1) were in each of the rice chromosomes 1 and 10 respectively. All genes positioned 200 kb around associations were selected. The candidacy of the most promising were NADP-dependent malic enzyme, chloroplast precursor (LOC_Os01g09320; ras-related protein, putative, expressed (LOC_Os01g51700); 60S acidic ribosomal protein (LOC_Os01g09510); Auxin-responsive Aux/IAA gene family member (LOC_Os01g09450; myb-related transcription activator, putative, expressed (LOC_Os01g09280); glycine-rich protein (LOC_Os01g09246); phosphofructokinase (LOC_Os01g09570); oxidoreductase, short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family (SDR) LOC_Os10g31780), which have been expressed in leaf tissue and requisite to be investigated further.
Highlights
To meet the ever growing world population, it is necessary to increase yield that can only be done by increasing the efficiency with which photosynthesis uses solar energy [1, 2].Plants are differing in canopy photosynthesis that leads to differences by about 50% between plants in the radiation use efficiencies [3, 4]
Restricting the expression of a few numbers of genes to either the bundle sheath (BS) or M cells achieves this separation of metabolism. [7] reported that Carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), NADP-malate dehydrogenease (MDH), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) and the proteins involved in their post-translational regulation accumulate in the M cells, while NADP-malic enzyme (ME) and RibuloseBisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) are restricted to the BS
Mixed Model Analysis (EMMA) accounting for population structure was performed on all the genotypes according to methods reported by [21] that modified from [22] who developed a novel mixed-model method to simultaneously take into account for many levels of relatedness identified by random genetic markers
Summary
To meet the ever growing world population, it is necessary to increase yield that can only be done by increasing the efficiency with which photosynthesis uses solar energy [1, 2]. That evolved from C3 plants, use the C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) pathways, and in both cases, a four-carbon compound is initially formed from fixation of HCO3. [7] reported that Carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), NADP-malate dehydrogenease (MDH), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) and the proteins involved in their post-translational regulation accumulate in the M cells, while NADP-malic enzyme (ME) and RuBisCO are restricted to the BS. All of these enzymes encoded by genes that are present in C3 plants, but the levels of expression are much lower than in C4 species. To determine the extent to which rice leaf morphology can vary, it is important to screen rice genome wide association for leaf morphology to determine variations in interveinal distance
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