Rhizosphere K-mobilizing bacteria Bacillus capability of glyphosate metabolization with methylglycyn formation

Rhizosphere bacteria Azospirillum brasilense, saving in the collection of the Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry, were characterized as perspective plant inoculants in conditions of intensive application of herbicide glyphosate. Bacteria strains A. brasilense 2(в)3, A. brasilense Дп1 and A. brasilense 1’ were found to metabolized glyphosate without formating aminomethylphosphonic acid. Bacteria strains A. brasilense 2(в)3, A. brasilense Дп1 and A. brasilense 1’ are capable of glyphosate decomposition with the formation of safe chemical products – sarcosin (methylglycine) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Destruction activities of A. brasilense strains were calculated on the base of accumulation of inorganic phosphate in culture liquids. Under a glyphosate concentration of 300 mg/l the destruction activities of А. brasilense 2(в)3, А. brasilense Дп1 and Azospirillum brasilense 1’ were equal to 80.9; 62.5 and 61.1 %; under a glyphosate content of 500 mg/l the destruction activities were equal to: 82.2; 48.5 and 47.9 % respectively. Application of glyphosate-utilizing bacteria as inoculants resulted in the polyfunctional anti-stress effect on plants at high diapason of glyphosate content in soil (0–50 l/ha). Anti-stress effect is manifested in a plant growth (steams and roots), an increase of assimilation square and chlorophylls content.

Differential Effects of L-Dopa and Subthalamic Stimulation on Depressive Symptoms and Hedonic Tone in Parkinson's Disease

BackgroundBiofilm-associated infections are a global threat to our economy and human health; as such, development of antibiofilm compounds is an urgent need. Our previous study identified eleven environmental isolates of endophyte bacteria, actinomycetes, and two strains of Vibrio cholerae as having strong antibiofilm activity, but only tested crude extracts from liquid culture. Here we grew the same bacteria in solid culture to induce the formation of colony biofilms and the expression of genes that may ultimately produce antibiofilm compounds. This research aimed to compare antibiofilm inhibition and destruction activities between liquid and solid cultures of these eleven environmental isolates against the biofilms of representative pathogenic bacteria.ResultsWe measured antibiofilm activity using the static antibiofilm assay and crystal violet staining. The majority of our isolates exhibited higher inhibitory antibiofilm activity in liquid media, including all endophyte bacteria, V. cholerae V15a, and actinomycetes strains (CW01, SW03, CW17). However, for V. cholerae strain B32 and two actinomycetes bacteria (TB12 and SW12), the solid crude extracts showed higher inhibitory activity. Regarding destructive antibiofilm activity, many endophyte isolates and V. cholerae strains showed no significant difference between culture methods; the exceptions were endophyte bacteria isolate JerF4 and V. cholerae B32. The liquid extract of isolate JerF4 showed higher destructive activity relative to the corresponding solid culture extract, while for V. cholerae strain B32 the solid extract showed higher activity against some biofilms of pathogenic bacteria.ConclusionsCulture conditions, namely solid or liquid culture, can influence the activity of culture extracts against biofilms of pathogenic bacteria. We compared the antibiofilm activity and presented the data that majority of isolates showed a higher antibiofilm activity in liquid culture. Interestingly, solid extracts from three isolates (B32, TB12, and SW12) have a better inhibition or/and destruction antibiofilm activity compared to their liquid culture. Further research is needed to characterize the activities of specific metabolites in solid and liquid culture extracts and to determine the mechanisms of their antibiofilm actions.

Impact of glyphosate on soil microbial biomass and respiration: A meta-analysis

The effects of glyphosate on Eupatorium adenophorum, a worldwide noxious invasive weed, were investigated. Results showed that glyphosate had a progressive influence on photosynthetic characteristics and growth of E. adenophorum. However, variation in response was observed in plots treated with different concentrations (0%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%) of glyphosate. Firstly, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis revealed that glyphosate significantly decreased the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (PN), effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion (Yield), the relative rate of electron transport through PSII (ETR), photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) at 2, 5 and 9 d after treatment. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and proline content increased at first and then decreased with increase in concentration of glyphosate application. Secondly, application of glyphosate caused increase in shikimic acid content and a reverse trend in the synthesis of tryptophan. Our results suggest that glyphosate should not be lower than 1.0% to kill rhizomes and suppress re-growth of E. adenophorum. Additional information on a hypothetical scheme explains the possible mechanisms of E. adenophorum coping with glyphosate stress.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L) is one of the predominant plantation crops in Sri Lankan economy which is known to have existed for over thousands of years. During the past decades coconut production had been reduced by a significant quantity. The usage of poor quality planting materials is a major reason for the low coconut production. Thus much attention needs to be paid in coconut nurseries. Weed management is a critical management practice in the nursery. Though glyphosate application is becoming popular in nurseries it can affect weeds as well as coconut seedlings growth. Therefore the effects of glyphosate were evaluated by determining the growth of shoot and root of coconut seedlings. Poly bag nursery was prepared and three treatments were used. Treatments were no glyphosate and manual weeding (T1), application of glyphosate 1.08 ai kg ha-1 at 2 monthly interval (T2) and application of glyphosate 1.44 ai kg ha-1 at 2 monthly interval (T3). Application of glyphosate at early stage of seedling growth had a no significant effect on growth parameters tested. However, the concentrations of glyphosate negatively affected numbers, volumes and dry weights of secondary, tertiary and quaternary roots at the latter stage of seedling growth. The leaf area and the height of seedling were significantly reduced by the highest concentration of glyphosate. Among the growth parameters tested, seedling girth and shoot dry weight were not affected by the application of glyphosate. These results revealed that the usage of glyphosate at both concentrations negatively affected root growth of coconut seedlings. Based on these results, the both concentration levels of glyphosate should be applied to coconut nurseries before sprouting the seed nuts.

Glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in the respirable dust emitted experimentally by soil aggregates, shortly after herbicide application

Glyphosate in German adults - Time trend (2001 to 2015) of human exposure to a widely used herbicide.

BackgroundCo-exposure of multiple quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) is widely present in the aquatic environment. The knowledge about their toxicities to microorganism at low concentration is lacking. This study aims to test the toxic response of Vibrio qinghaiensis Q67 (12-h exposure) to individual and mixtures of QACs by the long-term microplate toxicity analysis method (L-MTA).ResultsHormetic effects were observed for five individual QACs at 12-h exposure of Vibrio qinghaiensis Q67. The maximum stimulation effect of − 339.66% was present in the 0.00561 mol/L tetraethylammonium bromide solution. A stimulation effect (− 23.55%) was detected when each of QACs in the five-component mixture was present at 50% effect concentration (“benefits from hazards”). In addition, significant stimulation effects (− 96.28%) were observed for five QACs combined at the zero-effect point concentration (“benefits from nothing”). Further, a significant stimulation effect (− 406.16%) was observed when each of QACs was co-exposed at its maximum stimulation effect concentration. This phenomenon was termed “benefits from benefits”.ConclusionsThe results suggest that both single and mixture of QACs presented hormetic effects. Benefits from hazards, benefits from nothing, and benefits from benefits were observed for the QACs mixtures.

Objective. To isolate active strains of cellulolytic bacteria of the genus Bacillus from the natural environment and to study their compatibility with the micromycete Trichoderma harzianum PD3, which is used in the poultry manure-based technology of organic matter biocomposting. Methods. Microbiological (isolation of bacteria, checking the purity of cultures, microscopy, selection according to the degree of destruction of cellulose-containing substrates, determination of the compatibility of selected bacteria and micromycete by the counterculture method, identification by morphological and cultural properties and using the MALDI-TOF method on an automatic bacteriological analyser), physiological (biotesting of bacterial culture fluids of bacteria), statistical. Results. As a result of the selection of cellulolytic bacteria of the genus Bacillus isolated from various natural substrates, 7 strains were pre-selected, which were found to be the most active destroyers of three cellulose-containing substrates (filter paper, straw, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)). The degree of destruction of filter paper using these strains was from 19.5 % up to 24.9 %, while the collection strain Bacillus subtilis IMV B-7516, used in the experiment as a standard, decomposed paper by 19.3 %. The destruction of straw under the action of the studied strains was at the level of 9.8 % to 14.5 %, when this parameter in the standard strain is 8.8 %. All seven selected strains provided the formation of CMC hydrolysis zones of more than 30 mm in diameter (larger than the zone formed by the standard strain). Using the method of countercultures, it was found that Bacillus sp. 243 and 392 are incompatible with T. harzianum PD3, as the micromycete completely suppresses the growth of bacilli, which in further studies excludes the possibility of their co-use in organic matter composting technologies. The combined use of T. harzianum PD3 with B. amyloliquefaciens ssp plantarum 201 and 293, as well as B. amyloliquefaciens 425 is considered promising. The strains B. amyloliquefaciens 348 and B. megaterium 362, which effect on T. harzianum PD3 consisted in a slight limitation of the development of the micromycete, can also be used in further studies, however, with some precautions, for example, using the phased, time-separated introduction of trichoderma and the specified bacteria into composted substrates. The selected strains of bacilli are not phytotoxic. Culture fluids (CR) of these strains demonstrate a growth-stimulating effect. A specific test for auxin activity showed that the CR of all five selected bacillus strains stimulate the growth of wheat coleoptiles suggesting their ability to synthesize auxin-like phytohormones. A significant stimulatory effect was registered in 1/1,000 and 1/10,000 dilutions of culture liquid. Conclusion. The selected bacteria are active cellulolytics: B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum 201 and 293, B. megaterium 362, B. amyloliquefaciens 348 and 425, which, in addition to high cellulolytic ability, are producers of auxin substances, are not phytotoxic, compatible with the active cellulolytic micromycete T. harzianum PD3 and can be used in further studies with development of poultry manure-based technology of organic matter biocomposting.

In this study, strain PSBB1 isolated from Vicia faba rhizosphere was identified as Burkholderia cepacia, by 16S rDNA sequence analysis and characterized. Strain PSBB1 tolerated glyphosate up to 3200μgml-1 and produced IAA (81.6μgml-1), ACC deaminase (69.3mg-1proteinh-1), SA (39.3μgml-1) and 2,3-DHBA (26.6μgml-1), solubilized insoluble P (50.8μgml-1) and secreted 29.4μgml-1 exopolysaccharides, which decreased with increasing concentrations of glyphosate. Cell damage following glyphosate application was visible under SEM and CLSM. The phytotoxicity of glyphosate on chickpea was variable but significant. B. cepacia mitigated toxicity and enhanced the size, dry matter, symbiosis, seed attributes and nutritional contents of chickpea. Further, B. cepacia strain PSBB1 declined the levels of CAT, POD, APX and GPX and MDA contents at 4332μgkg-1 soil glyphosate. Proline also increased under glyphosate stress but declined in B. cepacia inoculated plants. The ability to tolerate higher concentration of glyphosate, the capacity to secrete plant growth regulators even under herbicide stress and potential to reduce the level of proline and antioxidant enzymes makes B. cepacia as an interesting choice for enhancing chickpea production in soils contaminated even with herbicides.

Management effects on glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in the PM10 emitted by soils of the central semi-arid region of Argentina

The meat and eating quality of the M. longissimus et lumborum (LL) from 80 adult sheep carcasses was examined. Half of the carcasses were subjected to the full range of electrical inputs that are routinely used at the abattoir: immobilisation, spinal discharge and high voltage stimulation (HVS), whereas the other half of the carcasses were subjected to all electrical inputs except HVS. HVS significantly decreased the first pH values and increased the average predicted temperature at pH 6.0. When the shear force of samples aged for 1 day was examined (n = 77), there was a significant effect of stimulation, such that non-stimulated meat was tougher. For a reduced sample (n = 40), the most influential effect on shear force was aging, with no significant effect of stimulation or interaction between stimulation and aging. This was such that aging reduced the percentage of samples with a shear force above 50 N from 75% after 1 day to 17.5% after 7 days of aging for the 40 LLs. When the LLs were aged for 7 days, there was no effect of stimulation on eating quality traits including tenderness, flavour, juiciness or overall liking. Based on the data for the LLs aged for 7 days, a relationship between overall liking and the overall ranking score was derived. Predicted overall liking scores at each rating score were derived, from which it was determined that to achieve a rating score of 3 (good every day), the overall liking score had to be 57. There was a significant interaction between category (less or greater than 57) and stimulation, such that for the less than 57 category, the mean overall liking score was lower for samples from non-stimulated carcasses (46.1) than those from stimulated carcasses (54.4). In the greater than 57 category, there was no difference between stimulated and non-stimulated samples with mean overall liking scores of 67.2 and 70.8, respectively. In total, 14% of samples had overall liking scores below 57. These results show that the proportion of very poor samples is reduced with stimulation even with aging and this is a very important outcome.

O-15 Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic subjective non-pulsatile primary tinnitus case report

Modulatory effects of prefrontal theta burst stimulation on motor task-related brain activity