Rheology and Dynamic Filtration of Foam Fracturing Fluid Enhanced by Cellulose Nanofibrils

Abstract

Abstract Foam fracturing is an effective method for the development of unconventional reservoirs. However, due to lamellar film, high pressure differences within foam films, and the strong diffusivity of the internal phase, foam is prone to suffering from unstable phenomena such as rupture, drainage, disproportionation, etc., thus leading to uncontrollable foam flow behavior in the tube and formation. In this work, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were used to enhance foam fracturing fluid. The target is not only to obtain a stable foam system, but also to control its rheology, proppant-carrying and leak-off behavior. The stability of the N2 foam fracturing fluid with CNFs was firstly explored via static tests by measuring its foam volume and liquid drainage. Then, the viscosity of foam fracturing fluids with different foam quality was measured using a tube viscometer under conditions of use, to evaluate the rheology of foam with CNFs. Subsequently, the proppant-carrying capacity was evaluated by observing suspension state of proppants in foam over time. The microscopic images of the foam with proppants were collected to analyze the interaction between bubbles and proppant. Finally, the dynamic filtration behavior and core damage of foam with CNFs were investigated by using a dynamic filtration apparatus. The results of the static tests showed that the stability of foam was significantly enhanced by the addition of CNFs, and the liquid drainage and gas diffusion could be effectively inhibited. Upon foam evolution, bare surfactant foam formed a polyhedral structure rapidly, while the CNFs enhanced foam maintained spherical and dense for a long time. The viscosity of foams with and without cellulose nanofibrils showed a shear thinning behavior. With the addition of CNFs, the viscosity of foam was improved by 3 - 6 times compared with bare surfactant foam and its value was increased with foam quality changing from 60% to 80%. The results of proppant-carrying tests indicated that the proppants suspension in foam was improved obviously as the cellulose nanofibrils were added. For CNFs-stabilized foam, the aqueous film of bubbles became thicker and the mechanical strength of foam structure was improved, thus enhancing the proppant suspension in the foams. Moreover, the filtration control performance of CNFs foam was also improved compared with bare surfactant foam. The filtration coefficient of CNFs foam fracturing fluid decreased with increasing CNFs concentration at a filtration pressure difference of 3 MPa, and core damage was maintained at a relatively low level. Additionally, the filtration coefficient of CNFs-stabilized foam and its core damage could be reduced with the increase of foam quality from 60% to 80%. The stability, rheology, proppant-carrying and dynamic filtration control of foam fracturing fluid enhanced by cellulose nanofibrils were explored in this work. The results show that the addition of CNFs effectively improves the stability of the foam, thus enabling the rheology, proppant-carrying and the dynamic filtration to be well controlled, which provides a high-performance and eco-friendly foam fracturing fluid.