Revolution

With this Open Call "Exploring Contemporary Realities", we launch the annual major theme of interest for scopio Magazine AAI -Exploring Contemporary Realities, Volume 2, and initiate a new collaboration with the project Contrast: Multidisciplinary network of artistic initiatives in Art, Architecture, Design and Photography through SCOPIO & CONTRAST International Conference. The call will have as responsible Editors academics / artists coming from both scopio Magazine AAI and the Contrast project. This editorial team will ensure the necessary peer review work through the U. Porto OJS platform. scopio Magazine AAI will be, in this way, the official publishing academic periodical for International Conference SCOPIO & CONTRAST and the submissions are both for the Conference and its 2nd volume in partnership with Contrast addressing the theme Exploring Contemporary Realities. This academic periodical transitioning to continuous publication to better align with the dynamics of Open Access electronic publishing, moving away from the constraints of its previous model geared towards traditional print formats. This shift aims to expedite the dissemination of research to the community, offering immediate benefits to both readers and authors by ensuring quicker access to new findings. The adoption of a continuous publication strategy enhances the open review process by reducing the time from submission to publication and by boosting the visibility of individual contributions, thus fostering greater engagement and dissemination within the scholarly community.

REVIEWS I93 and minds of other Catholic or Orthodox nationalities. So great were these preoccupationsthat Byrnesconcluded thattheyprecluded,forthe time being, the kind of transnational cooperation demanded by the Pope's vision for Europe. The relationshipsbetween the statesof the region with each other and with the rest of Europe are in transition. The outcome is by no means certain. When the next majorcrisisof identitydescendsupon East CentralEuropethe worldwill again listenattentivelyto the voice of the Church, and to thosewho are capable of interpretingit. Byrnes has reminded us of this. Hopefully, his writing will stimulate furtherresearch and debate on a theme that is all too often neglected by secularizedchildrenof the Enlightenment. Zurich,Switzerland JOHN EIBNER Hollos, Marida. Scandal ina SmallTown.Understanding Modern Hungary through the Stories of Three Families. M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY, and London, 2001. Xiii+ 214 PP. Maps. Figures. Tables. Appendices. Bibliography.Index. $49-95. THIsabsorbing anthropological study traces the fate of three families in the town of 'Tiszadomb', on the Great Hungarian Plain. Scandal in a SmallTown conveysa vividimpressionof Hungarianruralsocietyfromthe late nineteenth century through to the end of the twentieth. It will be enjoyed by, and useful to, anyone with an interest in East-Central European history, politics, sociology and economics. It is written to be also accessibleto anthropologists who do not necessarilyhave a specialistknowledge of East-CentralEurope. The postscript, describing the small town in I995, could be included on reading lists for undergraduatesor taught postgraduates studying postcommunist societies. Like the rest of the book, it has a liveliness, freshnessand a wealth of smallbut relevantdetailwhich allowsthe readerto almost 'feel'the atmosphere of Tiszadomb. With a little hunting around the index, students could alsofindsimilarillustrativematerialabout 1956 and otherseminaldates in recent Hungarian history. Scandal inaSmallTown is cleverlyconstructedaroundthe scandalmentioned in the title, a scandalwhich is sketchedin outline in the introductionbut not fully explained until the last chapter, endowing the book with something of the quality of a detective story. The clues are embedded in the stories of the three very different families as they respond to the dramatically changing circumstancesof the twentieth century.Hollos showshow pre-communistera social backgroundhelped to determine the fate of her charactersright up to I989, and beyond. However, she also illustrateshow people could to some extent shapetheirown destinieseven in theperiodof communistrule,through educational choices and political and commercial activities. Parallel to the storyof the three families,whom she has named the Boglars,the Farag6sand the Pinters, Hollos also examines the career of 'IstvanJ6', the mayor from I967 to i989. Hollos showshowJ6 used his connections and cunningto make Tiszadomb a showcase socialisttown. (The book will be a usefulcorrectiveto anyone harbouring illusions that communist-era Hungary conformed to a I94 SEER, 8 i, I, 2003 simple totalitarian model, or that its inhabitants were uniformly poor and miserable.) The scandal concerns the youngest generation of the three families described:two boys in the final class of high school and one of their teachers. In spring I988 Peer Farag6, whose mother was the local communist party secretary,tried, throughJo, to bully a teacher, Katalin Pinter, into raisinghis marks. Pinter obliged, but also raised all the other students' marks, and explained to her classwhat she had done. She commented on the injusticeof a situationin which the lazy Farag6received the same markas Laci Boglar, a hardworkingCalviniststudentfrom the so-called 'kulakclique'. (The Faragos were descendants of landless and Catholic peasants who had benefited from de-kulakization.)The national press became interested in the story, which seemed to symbolize the corruption and injustice of communist rule. Media interestin the school led to furtherrevelationsabout malpracticesin the town under J6's management and in I989 the mayor unexpectedly committed suicide, signallingthe 'end of an era, not only in the historyof the smalltown, but also in the historyof a nation thatwas on the brinkof momentouspolitical and social transformation'(p. 3). The book is writtenwithin the Hungarian ethnographic tradition,but as a historical ethnography, not a snapshot of Tiszadomb in the I98os. It was researched from the I970S through to the I9gos, partly as a by-product of Hollos's earlier research into child development in small-town Hungary. (Marida Hollos is an American anthropologist of Hungarian extraction.) Hollos's sourcesinclude interviews,both detailed familyhistoriesrecorded in 1995 and other interviewsin the local...

The vanishing nuclear family constitutes one of the most significant demographic and social transformations in recent history. A voluminous body of theoretical and empirical literature in family studies, proceeding on the assumption that the nuclear family is the optimum child-rearing structure, suggests this change will have dire consequences for the well-being of future generations. The present essay challenges that conclusion, pointing out various methodological and conceptual problems with the extant research on which this prediction is based.

Imam Hatip schools are among the educational institutions that have had a major impact on the social transformations in Turkey’s recent history. These institutions have played a major role in integrating the rural population to urban life and culture by providing access to education and integrating them into modern urban society. The critical role these ‘religious’ Imam Hatip schools have played could only have been realized with the social and financial support of civil society organizations. Organizations such as İlim Yayma Cemiyeti (Society for the Dissemination of Knowledge) (IYC) have contributed greatly to these schools’ ability to reach out to large masses and the continuation of education among lower income students. This article aims to reveal the relationship between Imam Hatip schools and civil society through the example of the Istanbul Imam Hatip School opened in 1951 and to discuss the impact of civil organizations on schooling in Turkish society. Furthermore, the study examines the role of IYC has had in the mental, physical, and outward transformation of the modern urban citizen. This article therefore argues Imam Hatip schools and the IYC to have played vital roles in modernizing Turkish society since the second half of the twentieth century. According to the research findings, the IYC’s contributions range from housing and providing clothing to educational materials, medical and hospital expenses, university preparation courses, and undergraduate scholarships. The IYC Archive’s decision records will be used for the first time in a study and constitute the main source upon which this research is based.

??? COHPAnATIST INTRODUCTION — NARRATIVE PRACTICES IN THE POST-COLD WAR TRANSITION: CULTURAL AND NARRATOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS Marcel Cornis-Pope /TJAe imagination has now acquireda singular newpower in social lifo. The imagination - expressed in dreams, songs, fantasies, myths, and stories —has always been part of the repertoire, in some culturally organized way, ofevery society. But there is a peculiar newforce to tlie imagination in social life today. Morepersons in more parts ofthe world consider a wider set of"possible" lives than they ever did before. Arjun Appadurai,"Global Ethnoscapes" (197) In his 1988 reappraisal of "Self-Reflexive Fiction," Raymond Federman ascribed to innovative fiction a strong reformulative function in recent history, enhancing the critical dialogue between individual and culture through "self-consciousness," which draws the reader into the workings ofthe text and its cultural environment, and "self-referentiaUty," which pits the author's consciousness against the rhetoric of his text (29). In both versions, narrative reflexivity is much more than a formal gimmick: its function is to extricate the novel "from the postures and impostures" (21) of the Cold War, committing fiction to a poetics of "divergence" (18). This poetics of divergence—we could add from our post-1989 vantage point—has contributed significantly to the breakup ofthe Cold War mentalities : freeing the social imaginary from the competing grand narratives ofideology and their annihUating totaUstic images (the Rocket, the Bomb, the Ideological Empire, the Nuclear Holocaust, the Dead Zone), and replacing monologic concepts ofculture with polysystemic views that retrieve the voices of süenced others. If, as Mary Louise Pratt has contended , the current geopoUtical scene is a "hospitable space for the cultivation of multilinguaUsm, polyglossia, the arts of cultural mediation, deep intercultural understanding, and genuinely global consciousness" (62), it is also because of the revisionistic strategies of postmodernism which have encouraged alternative "voices" and codifications in a culture 's narratives. Postmodernism has been described as "the corrosive cultural movement when suspicion of master narratives becomes widespread and the margins soUcit the matrix," valorizing the experience ofthe formerly subaltern groups (Leitch ix). As Vincent B. Leitch explains: To conceptualize culture from the vantage point of social margins is to foreground violent omissions, repressions, and contingencies oftraditional reason, representation, knowledge, and high culture. Put in other terms, postmodern cultural analysis characteristically entails an ethicopolitics of VcH. 23 (1999): 111 NARRATIVE IN THE POST-COLO WAR TRANSITION inclusiveness, multiculturalism, polylogue, social transformations, antiauthoritarianism , and decentralization. (133) The type of "multicultural," polysystemic fiction that has emerged since the early 1970s rides cultural boundaries between center and periphery, dominant and subordinated group, redefining US cultural production as hybrid, a mixture ofcontinuaUy changing subcultures. It also challenges generic boundaries between criticism and fiction, frame and story, and voice and writing, hybridizing and compUcating the noveUstic form with multiple narrators, polymorphous characters, and alternative stories. Offering itself as a semiotic "borderland" where "two or more cultures edge each other, where people of different cultures occupy the same territory, where under, lower, middle, and upper classes touch, where the space between two individuals shrinks with intimacy" (Anzaldúa, Preface to Borderland), multicultural fiction mediates historical, cultural, and psychological otherness. Postmodern theories and practices have also played a catalytic role in the political emancipation of the Soviet block, empowering East European Uterary and cultural criticism with the tools that have aUowed it to assume a reconstructive function, encouraging innovation and normbreaking. As I have argued elsewhere ("Critical Theory" 131-56; The Unfinished Battles 7-58), the Glasnost phenomenon can be regarded as a product of an increased cultural-phUosophic dialogue across the ideological divide between the Soviet block and the West. The postmodern grafts have been useful to a number of intellectual and artistic groups in Eastern Europe involved in articulating an alternative model ofinteUectual interaction that is tolerant, pluraUstic, reformulative. By comparing and interfacing cultures, this postcommunist/post-Cold War consciousness has recovered and consolidated that middle ground between Eastern and Western, dominant and peripheral, that was overlooked by the previously polarized world-view. That middle ground can be found in many places: in the reemergence of Central Europe, in diasporic or hybrid Uteratures, and in multicultural or postcolonial identities. However fragüe, these in-between areas are being continuaUy...

The recent Middle East crisis provided an opportunity to observe the U. S. oil industry's ability to respond to a sharp buildup in crude oil demand. The industry was called on to quickly provide oil to replace that no longer available as a result of the Suez Canal blockage during and immediately after the 6-day Arab-Israeli war in June, 1967. This requirement for a rapid boost in production and domestic shipping came after nearly 10 years of heavy proration in Texas, Louisiana, and several of the adjoining states. Texas prorated wells have been held to less than ball of their assigned yardstick allowables or MER since the 1956–57 Suez Canal closure. Oil producers in Texas went through a 6-year period (1960–1965) in which the proration factor was constantly below 30 percent. The necessity for this extended period of heavy proration was beginning to raise questions and concern as to where restrictions and "bottle-necks" may have developed in the State's production and transportation system. This paper-summarizes the 10 years of history prior to the 1967 Middle East crisis and reviews crude oil production performance during the crisis months. An estimate of the crude oil producing capability at 100 percent proration is stated based on observations during the sharp allowable buildup period of 1960. Recent history and current developments give some insight into the future for the Texas oil business, and the author's opinions regarding the next two to eight years are discussed. Introduction For some time, there has been a need for accurate information on the U.S. oil industry's ability to produce oil during an emergency. As economic and employment conditions stabilized after World War II, crude oil producing capacity in the world and in the U.S. increased rapidly. Market demand proration has been a way of life in Texas since 1948. Not since that year when crude oil production from the State averaged 2.46 million bbl daily have we had a true measure of producing capability. The National Petroleum Council has taken an active role in preparing producing capacity estimates. The first NPC report on productive capacity of crude oil was published in May 1961. Their most recent report, "Estimated Productive Capacity of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids in the United States", was published in July, 1966. NPC figures represent wellhead capacities unrestricted by downstream lease equipment or gathering and transportation equipment. this work was subdivided geographically by Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts and estimates are not published for Texas. The Railroad Commission has periodically estimated the reserve producing capability of Texas by districts simply by extending its factor and applying increasing incapability corrections to the resulting figure, starting from known historical under production bases. The API presently is gathering crude oil producing capability estimates and plans call for reporting this information in the 1967 "blue book" on reserves that will be published in the summer of 1968. The API capacity figures are designed to reflect U.S. crude oil capability after 90 days under maximum demand conditions. Unlike prior NPC projections, the API capacities will consider wellbore and lease facility restrictions. P. 65^

When I was so kindly invited to the XVI CCTO conference this past year in Medellin, one of the lasting impressions of that short visit was the folk cultural content, using music and dance, of many of the presentations. This made it a very different experience to other occupational therapy conferences I have attended. The significance of cultures seemed integral to practice, for example with indigenous people and with people living in rural areas, as well as to the positioning of occupational therapy in its historic place within recent Colombian history. What was very different to me as a British person was that these performances involved something that everyone seemed to know and to be able to participate in. The strength of this shared aspect of culture, which may reflect some aspects of the rich variety of traditions in Colombia, was impressive. It led me to reflect on the community focus of human purposeful occupation as t he ‘collective doing’ that constitutes culture. This reflective paper will discuss some aspects of occupation and culture as the product of collective doing for the community focus of human purpose. It will consider occupation and culture against the background of the use of occupation for health, and as a basis for socially transformative practices. It will draw on some aspects of Colombian and UK folk cultures and some of the reasons why practitioners might be careful to respect the integrity of these assets, as well as their capacity for innovation, adaptation and change as living culture.

PurposeIn recent years, China and India have been experiencing a process of economic and social transformation that is unprecedented in recent human history. The consequences of the spectacular resurgence of these two Asian giants are profound and far‐reaching, and are causing the centre of gravity of the world economy to be drawn inexorably toward these countries. The aim of this paper is to offer a comparative approach to the reality of China and India as regards business and strategic management.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews previous literature that has focused on comparing various issues related to business and management in China and India.FindingsThe paper highlights the points of convergence and divergence in the developmental patterns of China and India, the key factors for success in each country, the entry modes that could be used and the business opportunities they offer.Originality/valueThe paper provides a comparison between China and India with regard to business and strategic management, analysing the main similarities and differences between the two Asian giants.

Rehabilitating the industrial revolution. Gradualist perspectives now dominate economic and social histories of the industrial revolution. Analyses of economic change which rely on growth accounting and macroeconomic estimates of productivity indicate continuity with the past; social historians have followed in turning aside from the analysis of new class formations. This article challenges these perspectives. Currently accepted economic indicators and recent social history underplay the extent and uniqueness of economic and social transformation. The article emphasizes change in technology, the use of a female and child labour force, regional specialization, demographic behaviour, and political change.

For historians, the six decades spanning the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century seem pivotal to the emergence of modernity. For Eric Hobsbawm, they formed an ‘age of revolution’; for Christopher Bayly, they witnessed a ‘world crisis’ and a series of ‘converging revolutions’; Reinhart Koselleck has described them as a ‘Sattelzeit (saddle period) during which modern ways of thinking took shape against a backdrop of accelerated political, economic and social transformation.1 These dramatic changes, including the emergence of new forms of statehood and of nationalism, and major shifts in global power relations, were partly forged in the crucible of imperial wars fought around the globe by European powers: principally France, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands. The Seven Years War might claim the distinction of being the first worldwide war. But the American War of Independence, in which the same European rivals were engaged, established an independent nation and a durable model of citizenship. As Jurgen Osterhammel observes in his recent panoramic history of the global nineteenth century, ‘the great conflict between the empires in the years between 1793 and 1815 did not remain limited to Europe. It was fought out on four continents: a true world war.’2 The military and political conflicts between France, Britain and their allies from 1793 to 1815 were larger and more diffuse than earlier wars, and were truly far-reaching in their effects and legacies.3

Rehabilitating the industrial revolution. Gradualist perspectives now dominate economic and social histories of the industrial revolution. Analyses of economic change which rely on growth accounting and macroeconomic estimates of productivity indicate continuity with the past; social historians have followed in turning aside from the analysis of new class formations. This article challenges these perspectives. Currently accepted economic indicators and recent social history underplay the extent and uniqueness of economic and social transformation. The article emphasizes change in technology, the use of a female and child labour force, regional specialization, demographic behaviour, and political change.

The youth explosion or youth bulge is an important political and policy issue in Asia as in other regions of the world but it is an issue subject to a good deal of misunderstanding and misplaced emphasis. The long view taken in this paper highlights the significant magnitude but temporary character of the youth bulge. The cross-national comparative perspective brings out that Asian societies today are found at all stages of both the demographic and the youth transitions. The argument is made that in policy deliberations the absolute numbers of youth should take second place to the more important element of social change and changing social composition among youth and that recent Asian history has seen a unique confluence of demographic and social changes. Combining U.N.-estimated national population data for the 1950-1990 period and the U.N.’s population projections through 2025 provides an historical perspective on youth demographic transitions in seventeen Asian countries. These demographic data are linked with reconstructions and projections of similar scope for selected aspects of social transformation among youth over the same span of time. Analysis reveals a combination of demographic youth bulge and concurrent social composition transformations among youth that the authors label the “youth transition.” That this is an historically unique conjunction of demographic and social changes is highlighted by contrasts with European experience during that continent’s own demographic transitions many decades earlier. (authors)

Turkey’s transformation over the course of the last two decades into a land of immigration is one of the most significant features of its recent history and very much an issue of debate in the European Union (EU). As Turkey has been increasingly confronted with large-scale immigration and asylum flows, this relatively new migration phenomenon has had a number of social, economic and political implications, not only for the country, but also in the wider context of Europe (İçduygu 2004: 93; 2003: 7; Kirişçi 2002: 7–10). In particular, the EU’s Helsinki decisions of December 1999, which declared the candidacy of Turkey to the EU membership, brought forward new questions and concerns in the area of immigration policies and practices in Turkey. One of the most widely debated issues in this context is the ‘management of migration and asylum flows’ arriving in the country, and in particular the question of how Turkey’s state institutions and legal frameworks would handle the phenomena of immigration and asylum. These debates have made clear that the health and stability of Turkey’s Integration into the EU depend not only on the economic, social and political transformations in the country, but also on specific policy matters. This chapter addresses the transformation of national immigration policies and practices in Turkey with regard to the role played by the EU’s promotion of the notion of ‘migration management’ in the process of European integration.

The Butterfly Effect, a concept originating from chaos theory, has been increasingly applied to understanding political and social change, particularly in contexts of repression. This study, focusing on Sudan’s recent history, explores how small, localized actions can catalyze broader social and political transformations. The article integrates primary and secondary data collection methods to understand the Butterfly Effect in grassroots resistance. Data Collection is based on primary and secondary data; the primary data is collected from 15 in-depth interviews with key figures from the Salmiya Group and other grassroots movements. The interviews focused on their strategies, challenges, and perspectives on nonviolent resistance and community mobilization. Participants were selected using purposive sampling, targeting individuals directly involved in resistance efforts to provide detailed insights. Secondary Data Analyzed news articles, reports, and social media content documenting the activities of Sudanese resistance movements. Historical accounts of Sudan’s 2019 revolution and the 2021 military coup were included to contextualize the findings and examine the themes and patterns in resistance strategies, including nonviolent resistance, social media activism, and community mobilization.

La ingente obra mediática de Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente (1928-1980) en relación con las ciencias naturales nos permite explorar detenidamente los procesos de generación, circulación y gestión de conocimiento científico-tecnológico en un contexto particularmente convulso de la historia reciente de España, el final de la dictadura de Franco. Con un enfoque centrado en las relaciones entre los seres humanos y su entorno, el trabajo multidimensional de Rodríguez de la Fuente, como cetrero, naturalista, activista y comunicador, aportó un excepcional componente científico-técnico a los procesos de transformación social, política y cultural de España en esos años. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar cómo este componente científico-técnico estaba frecuentemente ligado, y entre otros aspectos, a la definición y contextualización de España y su patrimonio natural tanto dentro de sus fronteras como en el escenario internacional.