Revolt Against the Modern Utopia: The Threat of Collectivism in Three Early 20th Century Technological Dystopias

In the twentieth century, the dark side of Utopia-dystopian accounts of places worse than the ones we live in-took its place in the narrative catalogue of the West and developed in several forms throughout the rest of the century.1 No doubt prompted by H. G. Wells’s science fictional visions of modernity, a number of other works-E. M. Forster’s story “The Machine Stops” and, more famously, works such as Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, and George Orwell’s Nineteen EightyFour-came to represent the classical, or canonical, form of dystopia. In a more diffused manner, works that shared the cultural ambience of the dystopian imagination (though often with ambiguity or irony) appeared on the margins of mainstream literature. These include titles as diverse and contradictory as Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis (1915), Ayn Rand’s Anthem (1938), C. S. Lewis’s That Hideous Strength (1945), Vladimir Nabokov’s Bend Sinister (1947), Evelyn Waugh’s Love among the Ruins (1953), and Don De Lillo’s Underworld (1997). In the direction of popular culture, a more overt dystopian tendency developed within science fiction (sf), and this resulted in the “new maps of hell,” as Kingsley Amis put it, that appeared after World War II and continues in the dystopian sf of recent years (by authors such as Ray Bradbury, Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth, Judith Merrill, A. E. Van Vogt, John Brunner, J. G. Ballard, Philip K. Dick, Thomas M. Disch, and James Tiptree Jr./Alice Sheldon). In all these instances, to a greater or lesser extent, the dystopian imaginationhas served as a prophetic vehicle, the canary in a cage, for writers with an ethical and political concern for warning us of terrible sociopolitical tendencies that could, if continued, turn our contemporary world into the iron cages portrayed in the realm of utopia’s underside.

Reviewed by: Mean Girl: Ayn Rand and the Culture of Greed by Lisa Duggan Claudia Franziska Brühwiler MEAN GIRL: AYN RAND AND THE CULTURE OF GREED, by Lisa Duggan. American Studies Now: Critical Histories of the Present. Oakland: University of California Press, 2019. 136 pp. $85.00 cloth; $18.95 paper; $16.95 ebook. The mean girls of Tina Fey and Mark Waters's cult teen comedy Mean Girls (2004) were high school queen bees who bullied their fellow students and felt superior to them due to their looks, their parents' affluence, and their alleged popularity. In Mean Girl: Ayn Rand and the Culture of Greed, Lisa Duggan argues that Ayn Rand (1905-1982), born as Alissa Rosenbaum in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), is "the original Mean Girl," claiming that Rand's "heroes and heroines prevail over inferior others in ruthless hierarchical worlds not unlike the high school [in] Mean Girls" (p. xi). I beg to differ; Rand was not the caricature of a cruel and heartless creature that she is often made out to be. Rand may not have been particularly likeable—she was often imperious, demanding, pompous, and, particularly once she was successful, without an iota of self-doubt. Yet Rand was a far more complex and contradictory figure than many have allowed her to be. Duggan claims that she writes her book for activists and others willing to "expose the cruelty at the heart of neoliberalism," which she conflates with Rand (p. 90). In other words, Duggan takes the stance of a scholar-activist who sees Rand's influence manifest in our times: The incoherence of the Trump administration is symptomatic of the confusion [about where we are headed,] as politicians and business elites jockey with the Breitbart alt-right forces while conservative evangelical Christians pull strings. The unifying threads are meanness and greed, and the spirit of the whole hodgepodge is Ayn Rand. (p. xiii) Duggan acknowledges that many quote Rand without knowing or understanding her work. Yet instead of pondering to what extent one may blame a culture on an author whose name often serves more as an empty reference, Duggan suggests that Rand's fiction had an apocalyptic impact on American society by providing it with the wrong education of sentiments. Moving chronologically through Rand's oeuvre, in the first chapter, Duggan discusses Rand's Russian roots and her début novel, We the Living (1936), in which Duggan traces imperialist imagery and classist resentment fueled by young Rand's experience of the Russian revolution. She reads the novel less as an insightful panorama of Russia at the time, as many early reviewers did, but rather as a reflection of Rand's resentment: Alissa Rosenbaum [or Ayn Rand] had lived her short life oblivious to the existence of workers and peasants except as shadowy apparitions, specters of irrationality, or properly subordinated social inferiors. Then oh my god: there they were in the Winter Palace and at her door, behaving as equals and asserting their collective will with the backing of state power. (pp. 17-18) [End Page 179] Duggan sympathizes with the motivations of the communist revolutionaries, denying Rand the right to criticize both their ends and means. This interesting tonality pervades the next chapters; chapters two and three offer equally critical readings of The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957), reducing them to "treatises, presented in fictional narrative form" that resonate only with people's worst character traits (p. 113). Duggan interweaves each of her ironic readings with scathing remarks on Rand's personal life and the growth of her following, all of them in the service of what Lauren Berlant terms "cruel optimism."1 The slender volume then takes a leap in chapter four that attempts to substantiate the claim that Rand is the guiding spirit of the neoliberal revolution and the dark sides of capitalism. Duggan's argumentation at many instances echoes the BBC documentary series All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace (2011) by Adam Curtis as well as the graphic novel Supercrash: How to Hijack the Global Economy (2014; published under the title The Age of Selfishness: Ayn Rand, Morality, and the Financial Crisis in the United...

Reviewed by: Infrastructures of Apocalypse: American Literature and the Nuclear Complex by Jessica Hurley John Hay HURLEY, JESSICA. Infrastructures of Apocalypse: American Literature and the Nuclear Complex. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2020. 294 pp. $108.00 cloth; $27.00 paperback. The fact that the world hasn’t witnessed a nuclear attack since the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki is a modern miracle. Yet recognition of this miracle can make it all too easy to believe that nuclear weapons haven’t killed anyone since 1945. One recent analysis, cited by Jessica Hurley in her impressively [End Page 187] researched Infrastructures of Apocalypse, suggests that as many as 400,000 American deaths between 1952 and 1988 were caused by the carcinogenic effects of atmospheric nuclear testing. This horrifying observation exemplifies Hurley’s argument that an “exclusive attention to the bomb’s detonation often serves to occlude the ongoing violence of the nuclear complex” (184). Whereas most literary critics have theorized the nuclear age in terms of anxieties regarding an imminent apocalyptic war that never actually arrived, Hurley focuses instead on the nuclear complex, the very active sector of the military–industrial complex responsible for producing and disposing of nuclear materials. The development of nuclear technology irreversibly altered the politics, history, economy, and geography of the United States. By attending to these infrastructural changes and to the ways they have been recognized and reflected in popular fiction, Hurley’s book presents “a new literary history of post-1945 America” (4). Recognizing that her subject matter has often privileged white authorial perspectives, Hurley instead offers “a nuclear criticism from below” (15). By focusing on the reality of the nuclear complex rather than on the imagination of nuclear war, she reveals how the apocalyptic framework of Cold War policies characterized Black, queer, and Native Americans as “futureless”—how, in other words, official narratives of victory in the nuclear arena were often premised upon the apocalyptic annihilation of such communities deemed peripheral to the nation’s central story. US cities, for example, were imagined by state agencies as inevitable targets in a nuclear war; white Americans were accordingly incentivized to move to the suburbs, which were linked together with the new superhighway system (partially funded by the Department of Defense), while Black Americans were left to remain in the defunded cities to serve as the primary casualties of a nuclear attack. Similarly, uranium mining and atomic testing sites were established on or near Native reservation lands, which the US government designated as low-population and low-use, and therefore expendable. Attention to these matters requires a shift away from depictions of future atomic warfare and instead toward what Hurley calls the “nuclear mundane” (9)—a recognition of the evolving material realities of the here and now rather than an anticipatory vision of a catastrophic end. Over four chapters, Hurley closely examines five novels and one play: Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged (1957); James Baldwin’s Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone (1968); Samuel R. Delany’s Dhalgren (1975); Tony Kushner’s Angels in America (1993); David Foster Wallace’s Infinite Jest (1996); and Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead (1991). But Infrastructures of Apocalypse is not just an assemblage of close readings; it is also a wondrous work of carefully researched cultural history. Hurley engages with a very broad array of scholarly sources, and the historical context in which she situates her textual analyses will be of interest to anyone working in twentieth-century literary and cultural studies. By responding to key critical works by scholars such as Paul Boyer, Daniel Grausam, Jacqueline Foertsch, and Alan Nadel, Hurley draws our attention to the central double-bind of the Cold War: the ideological promotion of self-reliant individualism coupled with the insistence that only a secretive, powerful military state can prevent global obliteration. (Only Uncle Sam can protect you from nuclear annihilation—but in all else you must protect yourself!) Ironically, this double-bind often led to a belief that the state would prove ineffective—ultimately unable to prevent nuclear war, which would in turn create a postapocalyptic environment favoring only a handful of prepared survivalists. Democracy...

The formation and development of the digital economy, in many key aspects, depends on the quality and efficiency of the functioning of the institutions of the corresponding institutional environment, especially in the field of scientific and technological development. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive study of the fundamental principles of the formation and development of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy in order to highlight the main approaches to the effective development of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy. The objectives of the study are: a more detailed analysis of the formation and formation of the digital economy; assessment of digital economy development indicators; identifying and updating the main functions of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy; identifying the main approaches to the effective development of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy. During the research process, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, grouping), comparative and statistical analyses, logical generalization, methods of economic analysis. Scientific novelty of the research - the authors conducted a study of the influence of the fundamental principles of the formation and development of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy, identified the main functions of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy; The main approaches to the effective development of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy are proposed. The authors analyzed in more detail the formation and formation of the digital economy. A certain relationship between the digital economy and scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation has been identified. An assessment of indicators for the development of the digital economy in the Russian Federation was also carried out. The authors identified and supplemented the main functions of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy. The authors concluded that the development of the digital economy in the Russian Federation is closely interconnected with the indicators of scientific and technological development of our country. For the successful functioning of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation in the digital economy, it is necessary to apply the following approaches: platform, project and institutional.

Relevance. In light of the growing interest in the scientific and technological development of regions, setting goals for scientific and technological advancement at the national level, the issue of developing programs for the development of science and education leading to the technological sovereignty of the country becomes relevant.The purpose is to analyze the ongoing programs for scientific and technological development of the regions of the Volga Federal District, as well as individual indicators characterizing the dynamics of the scientific and educational sector of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.Objectives: conduct an economic and statistical analysis of the main indicators characterizing the scientific and technological progress of the regions of the Volga Federal District; identify regions of the Volga Federal District in which state programs for scientific and technological development have been developed, and consider their features.Methodology. The study used methods of economic-statistical and comparative analysis.Results. A review of state programs for scientific and technological development shows that four pilot regions of the Volga Federal District (Nizhny Novgorod region, Republic of Tatarstan, Republic of Bashkortostan and Republic of Mordovia) have already developed corresponding programs, and two regions (Orenburg region and Perm Territory) are under development. The remaining regions either have state programs that indirectly indicate the development of scientific and technological potential, or they do not exist.Conclusions. Scientific and technological development programs represent an important document that defines strategic guidelines for the development of science, technology and higher education. Regions that have already developed state programs for scientific and technological development have a high scientific reserve and are located in the top positions in the National Rating of Scientific and Technological Development of Regions. Such regions show strong results in the scientific and educational sector, which contributes to improving the economic and social development of the region. A systematic analysis of these programs makes it possible to identify their impact on various aspects of social life, as well as determine the effectiveness of the measures taken and mechanisms for achieving the set goals. It is important to take into account the variety of approaches to the development and implementation of strategic programs, which should be aimed at the unique characteristics of the country’s regions, their bottlenecks and development prospects, taking into account an assessment of their potential.

Human Machines and the Pains of Penmanship in Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We Julia Vaingurt (bio) Man loves creating and the making of roads, that is indisputable. But why does he so passionately love destruction and chaos as well? . . . In short, man is comically arranged, there is apparently a joke in all this. —Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Notes from Underground Shortly after the nascent Soviet government consolidated its power and launched a program of rapid industrialization, Yevgeny Zamyatin’s novel We (1920) scandalously questioned the validity of techno-scientific instrumentality, a central principle of societal transformation in Soviet Russia. The first major work of fiction to be censored by the new regime, the novel was smuggled to the West, translated into English, and became an ur-text of twentieth-century science fiction, in particular standing, alongside Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and George Orwell’s 1984, as progenitor of a new anti-utopian subgenre warning of the mass cultural homogenization of humanity in the name of progress. Set in a future totalitarian OneState, the novel records the internal conflict and gradual self-awakening of the initially robotlike rocket engineer D-503, torn between his faith in state orthodoxy and yearning for perfect order, on the one hand, and, on the other, his growing awareness of his own disorderly, irrepressible, idiosyncratic subjectivity. The catalyst of this subversive development is the act of writing—paradoxical insofar as this act functions, in the totalitarian system envisioned by the novel, as one of the instruments of the state’s all-pervasive control. In this essay, I will discuss how Zamyatin, in the process of critiquing the man-machine ideal espoused in Soviet political culture, reconceptualizes the very meaning of technology in human life.1 [End Page 108] The “Question Concerning Technology” and Its Soviet Context Broadly speaking, twentieth-century cultural responses to the power and expansion of technology foregrounded either the utopia of peaceful human coexistence with and benefit from machines or the dystopia of machine-wrought destruction. In Soviet Russia, intent on quickly overcoming its backwardness and marginal status vis-à-vis the West with the help of machinery at times conceived almost as magical, the predominant mode of relating to technology was emphatically utopic. The wishful thinking of utopian writers was counterbalanced by the paranoid prophesies of dystopians, who envisioned machines turning their power against humanity in a struggle for autonomy. One of the most influential of the technological dystopias, the Czech writer Karel Capek’s drama R.U.R. (1921), left an ominous stamp on Western culture in the form of the word “robot.” Here robots, work machines with an uncanny likeness to humans, in the spirit of rational self-interest they embody, rebel against their subservient status and destroy humanity.2 The vicissitudes of Capek’s plot, however, rely upon the same conception of technology as that of the “dreamer in the Kremlin” Lenin in his utopian aspirations for the Soviet future;3 in either case, it is a tool for political-industrial transformation, for ill or good.4 Zamyatin’s anti-utopian novel establishes a counterpoint to the purely instrumental technologies conceived by technophiles and tech-nophobes alike insofar as the author consistently deprives technology of its defining characteristic in Industrial Age culture, namely, its functionality.5 In its place, We imbues technology with various human traits, transforming machines into great vehicles for reflection. As opposed to the aspirations of Soviet “new men” to become machines, Zamyatin’s text features “reflexive technologies” in which pure instrumentality is marred by human idiosyncrasies.6 In this effort to aesthetically reassess technological potential, to view technology as a medium for contemplation rather than societal change, Zamyatin’s We takes its place within a canon of artistic works that responded to technological advancement with an urge not to exploit but to explore. In the Russian context, for example, Valentin Kataev’s The Sovereign of Iron (1924) features machines that exercise their newly acquired independence from humans by resisting violence, refusing to participate [End Page 109] in mankind’s wars; Velimir Khlebnikov’s “Ourselves and Our Buildings: Creators of Streetsteads” (1914) and other futurist manifestos espouse organic technologies starkly contrasting with the aesthetics of mechanized humanity; and...

В статье с парадоксальным названием «Алгебра счастья: “Мы” Евгения Замятина» автор – известный итальянский славист – обращается к наиболее значительному тексту писателя. Роман Евгения Замятина «Мы», один из важнейших романов первой половины XX в., написанный в жанре антиутопии/утопии, первоначально трактовался как критика коммунизма, установившегося в России после Октябрьской революции во времена так называемого военного коммунизма, связанного с потерей революционного подъема и новым удушающим общественным порядком. Вследствие этого критики рассматривают «Мы» как роман-антиутопию, отчасти вдохновленный притчей Достоевского «Великий инквизитор». Противопоставление свободы счастью у Достоевского перекликается с представлением о счастье в Едином Государстве в произведении Замятина, с тем, что люди испытывают, безучастно повинуясь неписаным законам, принятым Благодетелем. Этому чувству противопотавлено бремя выбора – та же свобода, от которой Великий Инквизитор спасает человечество при помощи полного подчинения законам церкви, «исправившей» суть Евангелия и освободившей человечество от греха,взяв его на себя. Однако можно найти и другое толкование оппозиции счастье/свобода, которое основывается на идее красоты, вплетенной в полотно замятинского повествования. В романе Замятина красота играет роль искупительной жертвы, и, хотя она совершенно лишена свободы, она подобна танцу, который автор описывает в начале романа, и не скована никакими внешними условностями. В рамках этой трактовки «Мы» уже не антиутопия, но утопия времени, и выражает идеи, подобные тем, что звучат в статье Замятина «Скифы ли?». Образ скифа, скачущего верхом по степи, не знающего, откуда он и куда направляется, счастье которого – в самой вечной скачке, в коне, в бескрайней степи, становится для писателя знаковым. Представление о красоте как о бесконечном пути, таким образом, преобразует антиутопию в другой жанр, в котором утопия всегда трактуется «здесь и сейчас», то есть как утопия времени.

Objective 600 questionnaires from hospital employee were collected and conducted statistical analysis to identify the internal and external factors that have influence on the staff development of scientific research level, which also aimed to figure out the way to raise employee awareness of scientific research, as well as enhancing the scientific and technological development in hospital. Methods Questionnaire survey was conducted to establish a database, SPSS18.0 survey data descriptive analysis applied, variance analysis using x2 test, P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Statistical analysis and comparative study were conducted to figure out the awareness of hospital scientific and technology development from employees from different positions with different education levels, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). Hospital staff have generally high level awareness of scientific research, obey the normal distribution basically, recognition rate is more than 93.5%, particularly, higher education staff have a better awareness and contribution to the development of the hospital. Conclusions According to the analysis, this paper proposed to build a platform for the establishment of performance evaluation and incentive system, to improve the management system and other measures to further enhancing the research and development of hospital staff awareness, thereby increasing the overall scientific research level of the hospital. Key words: Scientific development; The internal and external factors; Awareness; Statistical analysis

To appropriately study the assimilation of Islamic values in scientific and technological development, one must define scientific and technological development, establish the relevance of Islamic values and identify the process of assimilation.Development is a multi-faceted process. Scientific and technological development is one face of this process, relating to the ability of a society to apply scientific discoveries and technological innovations to raise the based human activity. The tenets of Muslim, or Islamic science, differ from those ofthe non-Muslim or non-Islamic science. The resulting scientific and technological development is both a product ofthe underlying values as well as a determinant of what values shall prevail in the society undergoing that process.Islam lays down a purpose for a Muslim life, establishes a system that governs it and defines relationships that are guided by the 'purpose' and circumscribed by the 'system'. Nothing, much less scientific and technological development, can fall outside these guidelines - for Islam is life itself.The concepts of Tawheed, Khilafah and Ibadah and the principles of universalism, tolerance, respect for knowledge and the unity of ummah are among the pillars on which the edifice of Islamic science rests. They form the Islamic values which must be inculcated in contemporary science if it is to playa role in rejuvenating the great Islamic civilization. Since scientific and technological development in the Muslim world cannot be halted and overhauled, a continuous and deliberate process of assimilation of Islamic values in scientific and technological development is called for. This must be accomplished on a long-term basis through Islamization of the entire educational process, and on a short-term basis through determined reshaping of the planning and policy-making processes in the Muslim world.Above all, before the assimilation of Islamic values in scientific andtechnological development can take place, Islam itself must command thetotal loyalty and commitment ofthe Muslim society. With that commitment the process of assimilation will yield a well-woven fabric of development.Without that commitment, the result willbe patchwork ofdiscordant elements ready to be torn to pieces by any serious challenge to its validity.

The subject of the research is the mechanism of legal regulation of the processes for the implementation of national programs in the field of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation. The work analyzes the theoretical and legal foundations of this institution; it examines the targeted directions for the development of legal regulation specified in the National Projects and other documents regulating the achievement of national development goals; it analyzes the current state and compliance of existing legal mechanisms with established priorities; it identifies shortcomings and conflicts in the regulation of scientific and technological development; it proposes measures to improve its normative regulation and organizational-legal forms for the practical implementation of the provisions of strategic planning documents. Special attention is given to the fact that the documents containing the fundamental principles of state policy in this area pay insufficient attention to legal regulation, primarily stating goals and tasks, as well as planned outcomes to be achieved. It is justified that it is necessary to supplement and expand the regulation of technological development directions both with newly adopted normative legal acts and by amending existing ones. To conduct the research, a methodology was used that included an analytical review of strategic planning documents, the normative legal framework, drafts of normative legal acts, and scientific literature on the subject of research, as well as the generalization and systematization of data and the formation of proposals to resolve the identified problems. The results of the research showed the inadequacy of the existing legal framework for the effective implementation of measures to achieve scientific and technological development. Thus, the main criteria and a list of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of federal executive authorities for achieving prioritized directions of scientific and technological development have not been established. The legal norms that define specific steps for the implementation of the main directions of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation at the current stage of the implementation of National Projects are still in the formation stage, which corresponds to the criteria outlined in the foundational documents. The novelty of the research lies in the identification and justification of the potential of the legal regulation mechanism in the field of scientific and technological development. Specific ways to improve legal regulation for each of the seven directions of scientific and technological development are proposed. In particular, changes to Federal Law No. 127-FZ "On Science and State Scientific and Technological Policy" and recommendations for the creation of a technological code are suggested.

In response to the question What is art?, today's arts establishment has a simple answer: anything is if a reputed artist or expert says it is. Many people are sceptical about the alleged new forms that have proliferated during the 20th century - from abstract art and performance art to Hyperfiction and chance music. Yet today's experts claim that all such work, however incomprehensible, is art. An alternative to this view is provided by philosopher-novelist Ayn Rand (1905-1982). Although best known as the author of Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, Rand created an original and illuminating philosophy of art, which not only offers a profound analysis of the cognitive and emotional function of but also confirms the widespread view that much of today's purported is really not at all. In What Art Is, Torres and Kamhi present the first in-depth examination and critique of Rand's aesthetic theory. Contrasting her ideas with those of other thinkers, they conclude that, despite shortcomings in detail, Rand's account is compelling. Moreover, they demonstrate that it is supported by evidence from anthropology, neurology, cognitive science and psychology. The authors apply Rand's theory to a debunking of prominent modernist and postmodernist artists. Finally, they explore its implications for such fields as arts education, law and public policy. Fifteen years after Ayn Rand's death, interest in her life and ideas is booming. All her published works remain in print, and hitherto unpublished writings continue to appear. In 1998 the Showtime cable TV channel will air a movie adaptation of Barbara Branden's biography Passion of Ayn Rand, starring Helen Mirren as Rand.

The article analyzes the place and role of state policy in the sphere of ensuring scientific and technological development in the context of the general principles of public administration in Ukraine. It was determined that the state policy in the sphere of ensuring scientific and technological development is a stable tactical-strategic legal basis of relations between the state (in the form of authorized bodies of the legislative and executive authorities) with scientific structures and individual representatives of modern science, civil society regarding timely, necessary and effective ensuring the scientific and technological development of our state. It is emphasized that the system of administrative and legal support for the implementation of state policy in the field of scientific and technological development consists of two interdependent elements - the strategy and tactics of the organization and implementation of relations between the state (in the form of authorized bodies) and scientific institutions and organizations (scientific community) of the country. The formation of priority areas of scientific and technological development is a state activity for the development of systemic measures for the successful implementation of important areas of activity in the scientific and technological sphere. At the same time, in the absence of a single strategic line of administrative and legal regulation of scientific and technological development, as well as without taking into account the long-term priority directions of such development, measures to implement state policy in the specified area will not have the proper effectiveness, which is confirmed by many years of foreign and domestic experience. It is emphasized that actual sovereignty can be ensured only by those states that define the need for development and the rationality of implementing new knowledge as the main priority of their state policy. The transformation of national interests in the near future should be carried out taking into account the need for the formation of more perfect legal foundations for the administrative and legal support of scientific and technological development.

This study sorts out the assessment methods of the development and application of science and technology at home and abroad, and explores the breakthrough point of the identification and assessment of science and technology risk. Scientific and technological development monitoring, scientific and technological research and development review, scientific and technological exchange management are three major aspects of scientific and technological risk identification and evaluation strategy research in this study. Scientific and technological development monitoring is to grasp the overall environment of science and technology at the general level. Scientific and technological development review can prevent and control scientific and technological risks from the source of scientific and technological research and development. Scientific and technological exchange management can reduce the impact of scientific and technological risks on the whole society from the level of national security. China has formed a relatively complete index system for monitoring the development of science and technology. In the review of science and technology research and development, scientific knowledge and technology patents can be used to mitigate the risk of science and technology. In terms of management of scientific and technological exchanges, China should establish a sense of subject, master core technologies, control cooperation, strengthen supervision and make rational use of achievements.

The article draws attention to the problem of the lack of synchronization of innovative development programs and innovative technological development projects implemented by corporations with the priorities and strategies of scientific and technological (innovative) development of the Russian Federation. This problem is also exacerbated by the fact that most industry-leading corporations do not have developed strategies and/or innovative development programs that correspond to strategic planning documents approved in the Russian Federation, namely the Strategy of Scientific and Technological Development and the Concept of Technological Development. The solution to this problem is seen by the author of this article in the development of methodological foundations for the creation of corporate innovative development programs synchronized with top-level priorities and strategies of scientific and technological development at the national level.

Issues of scientific and technological development of the economy, increasing its competitiveness, including various aspects of technological integration, are the subject of foreign and domestic research. At the same time, technological integration is considered as a key direction of the new industrial and scientific-technical policy, as a means of transition to the digital economy, to production processes with higher added value, as a means of establishing a constructive dialogue between industrial enterprises and science. The key problem is the inability to meet the growing demand for products, to stop the critical decline in the share of domestic products in the domestic market and to neutralize the threat of loss of national security of the country. In order to achieve sustainable economic growth, it is necessary to develop state policies aimed at creating new economic institutions. At the same time, it should be emphasized that new sectors of the economy, as priority areas of scientific and technological development, should become the main consumers of scientific and technical products. The purpose of the article is to study the problems of modeling the development of technological integration in the context of priority scientific and technological development of the Russian economy. The article uses a wide range of general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, grouping, typing, modeling, economic-statistical and graphical. The main methodological approaches used in the article are: structural-functional, instrumental and process approaches, which are reflected in the scientific and practical material of the general theory of systems, the theory of organization. The processes of formation and development of technological integration represent an insufficiently researched area. The reason for this is, on the one hand, the relative novelty of this economic phenomenon, and, on the other hand, the lack of theoretical and methodological tools for modeling the development of technological integration. The study provides a theoretical justification for the organizational model of technological integration development as a dynamic set of interrelated modules: management and coordination; structure; processes; resources, the purpose of which is to achieve the strategic goals of participants in technological integration. There was proved a process model of technological integration development, and there was carried out its decomposition, which allows us to identify the main, supporting and regulatory processes of participants in technological integration. The combination of these models helps to manage these processes in order to achieve maximum efficiency of the modern economy.