Revisiting Virgil’s Heroes’ Parade: An Apocalyptic Historical Review

The late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries in Ireland and Turkey can be seen as a period marked by competing visions for self-governance. Political oppression, social decline, and repeated uprisings inspired many committed writers to promote a sense of collective destiny as a remedy for national uncertainty. Among these writers were Constance Georgine Markievicz and Halide Edib Adıvar, revolutionary female leaders whose rebellious spirit and activism had a global impact in the formative years of their nations. Notable parallels between their lives and their pivotal roles in the social change and cultural transformation of their country make them compelling subjects for comparison. This book deepens this comparative analysis through historiographical and narratological frameworks that focus on memory and literary form. It argues that Constance Markievicz and Halide Edib Adıvar’s works are textual efforts to uncover the truths obscured by the dominant and official narratives of Irish and Turkish politics, moving from individual experiences to collective ones. Additionally, the book highlights the close connection between the writers’ sociopolitical activism and their literary output. This book explores Constance Markievicz and Halide Edib Adıvar as exemplary writers of their generation who, through both their fiction and life writings, advocate for collective action. Their works mark a significant transition from resistance narratives to revolutionary ones, reflecting broader trajectories relevant to Irish and Turkish women. These female figures were chosen for analysis due to their significant efforts to advance women’s equality, emancipation, and empowerment, strengthening their roles in both private and public life. The similarities between these two authors in terms of family background, character traits, and literary and intellectual pursuits make them fitting subjects for comparative analysis. Despite the various obstacles they faced, their bold and decisive actions, alongside their vulnerable emotional landscapes and efforts, center on questions of female self-representation and empowerment. We witness the revelation of self in the form of revolutionary nationalists and political activists through Halide Edib’s and Countess Constance Markievicz’s autobiography. Their text serves as a platform for leaving their mark on existence, transcending the silenced and invisible identities traditionally shaped by a male-dominated society. Despite their fragile inner worlds and tumultuous personal lives, their efforts primarily center on questions of existence and independence, Halide Edib Adıvar and Constance Markievicz, both embodying an anti-imperial perspective, played a crucial role in revitalizing the cultural memory of their nations while responding to the prevailing imperial authority through radical societal changes and an elevation of women’s status. They championed native culture, historical heritage, and national independence by advocating anti-imperialism and actively challenging patriarchy, colonial practices, cultural imperialism, and the masculinized national narratives of their time. As eccentric and rebellious nationalists, they sought various ways to assert their national identity and self-determination against imperial powers. Their opposition to authority united them on a shared political platform during a tumultuous era of feminist nationalism and political activism. Drawing inspiration from their cultural backgrounds, they critiqued patriarchal authority and imperial ideologies in their communities.

A Comparative Analysis of Computer Vision Libraries in the Context of a Jakarta Traffic Simulator

This thesis investigates the question of how East Asian universities have engaged in urban processes as spatially grounded variegated social processes from the colonial era to recent decades by adopting a comparative urbanism approach. Historically, universities in the US and Europe have been influential urbanisation actors in their hosting cities, having occupied a substantial amount of land. The relationship between a university and its hosting city was often defined as ‘Town and Gown’; that implies an adversarial link, but this traditional relationship has changed. Universities in East Asia have also participated in urbanisation processes in diverse ways since their birth, but the dynamics behind this multi-faceted process has rarely been addressed. Using research data collected mainly from fieldwork in Singapore and South Korea, including 42 interviews and archival records, this thesis highlights the relationship between universities and cities in East Asia, focusing on three distinctive periods: the colonial, developmental, and postdevelopmental eras. In all these enquiries, land ownership by universities acts as a thread that weaves the diverse facets of the role of universities into different periods. The findings of this thesis can be summarised as follows: Firstly, colonialism has been influential in the university-urbanisation relationship. During the colonial era, the East Asian university emerged as a symbolic and political institution in the city. Various colonial and local actors surrounded the colonial universities to promote or fight against the ideology of imperialism, which demonstrates the diverse aspects of colonialism in cities of East Asia. Such legacies of colonialism are still found today. Secondly, the East Asian developmental state is a variegated concept. The university plays an important role in society, but the way in which the university engages with the developmental state has varied across geographies. The developmental state attempted to utilise universities to support rapid economic and urban development, but such efforts were not always successful. This finding challenges the conventional understanding that assumes a homogeneous conceptualisation of the East Asian developmental state. Lastly, the entrepreneurial character of East Asian universities has become increasingly evident while the presence of the state is still visible. Thus the role of East Asian universities in urban processes has also become more diverse and dynamic in the postdevelopmental state since the 1990s. While the entrepreneurial university has a long history in East Asia, the globalised and financialised interests are penetrating the university more actively through various urban development projects. This thesis concludes that there is an emerging need to recognise East Asian universities as land-based institutions playing an influential role in diverse and uneven urban processes. Investigating universities also provides an opportunity to identify linkages between their colonial legacies and contemporary urban processes in East Asia.

Comparing types within the same species, Raymond Aron once wrote, is the essential task of sociology.' Comparative analysis is especially vital in studying the two major communist systems of the twentieth century, the Soviet Union and Communist China. These systems of power represented powerful historical syntheses of imperial national culture, social revolution, and Marxist-Leninist ideology and organization. Despite periods of stability, the Soviet and Chinese Communist systems have been repeatedly shaken by restructuring processes set in motion from within. Notable instances include the Stalin Revolution of

We used a comparative genomics approach implemented in the SEED annotation environment to reconstruct the chitin and GlcNAc utilization subsystem and regulatory network in most proteobacteria, including 11 species of Shewanella with completely sequenced genomes. Comparative analysis of candidate regulatory sites allowed us to characterize three different GlcNAc-specific regulons, NagC, NagR, and NagQ, in various proteobacteria and to tentatively assign a number of novel genes with specific functional roles, in particular new GlcNAc-related transport systems, to this subsystem. Genes SO3506 and SO3507, originally annotated as hypothetical in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, were suggested to encode novel variants of GlcN-6-P deaminase and GlcNAc kinase, respectively. Reconstitution of the GlcNAc catabolic pathway in vitro using these purified recombinant proteins and GlcNAc-6-P deacetylase (SO3505) validated the entire pathway. Kinetic characterization of GlcN-6-P deaminase demonstrated that it is the subject of allosteric activation by GlcNAc-6-P. Consistent with genomic data, all tested Shewanella strains except S. frigidimarina, which lacked representative genes for the GlcNAc metabolism, were capable of utilizing GlcNAc as the sole source of carbon and energy. This study expands the range of carbon substrates utilized by Shewanella spp., unambiguously identifies several genes involved in chitin metabolism, and describes a novel variant of the classical three-step biochemical conversion of GlcNAc to fructose 6-phosphate first described in Escherichia coli.

A recently discovered political and legal treatise, Antineutralidad (1640), has been attracting attention in scholarship. This paper extensively scrutinizes the dating and authorship of the text. Sources found in several European archives have made it possible to establish with certainty the authorship of Diego Saavedra Fajardo and the precise period in which Antineutralidad was written (between January and March 1640). This determination is backed by a comparative analysis of early modern texts. Lastly, explorations based on themes and inner logic reveal highly sophisticated and superior planning, argumentation, structural cohesion and innovation, qualities which ennabled the author to create an overarching framework to defend the House of Austria, including key German and European political and legal themes, integrated and fused with both Spanish Habsburg and Christian universalist thinking. Keywords: Saavedra Fajardo, early modern political thought, Habsburg studies, imperial ideology, Spanish political philosophy.

This article examines the development of road networks in Roman and early Chinese imperial contexts, analyzing the role of political ideology and cultural frameworks in shaping infrastructure. It argues that Roman roadbuilding, deeply intertwined with notions of public participation and republicanism, developed into a system where roads symbolized power and facilitated state control. Early Imperial China saw similar approaches to roads with a few stark contrasts. These included a greater restriction of access and usage, and a more equivocal stance on the ethics of road construction, with roadbuilding becoming less emphasized in favor of waterways and hydraulic engineering in the Han period, reflecting a different mode of territorial management and imperial ideology. This study highlights key structural and ideological divergences in the two civilizations' approaches to infrastructure. The Roman 'hodological' worldview contrasts with the broader territorial understanding evident in early Chinese cartographical and hydraulic initiatives. By offering a comparative analysis, this paper provides a foundation for further inquiry into the political and cultural dynamics of imperial roadbuilding.

The article attempts to identify new opportunities for studying the role of the imperial factor in British foreign policy, which are opened up by using the category of imperial identity, which the authors present as a variant of a more universal category of regional identity. In order to find out the complex nature of regional identity, the authors make a comparative analysis of the existing ones in modern regionalism. (A. Paasi) and “humanitarian geography” (D.N. Zamyatin) definitions of the region as a way of political, historical and cultural organization of space. The methodological postulates of these concepts create the basis for an interdisciplinary approach in the framework of the “new imperial history” and allow us to consider the British Empire at the height of its power in the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries as the most significant region in world politics. Awareness of its special role in the prevailing international system was at the heart of the imperial identity and foreign policy ideas of the British political elite, which, in turn, makes it possible to draw a clearer line between identity and imperial ideology. The authors come to the conclusion that such a formulation of the problem forms a new discussion agenda both on imperial issues and on issues of identity.

The article examines how to counteract the mass militaristic psychosis (MMP) in modern Russia that is unfolded in discourses and narratives of the hostile media and is consistent with societal psyche intentions. The study’s purpose is to substantiate the methods (collective and individual) counteracting causes, manifestations and consequences of MMP in the aggressor country in the context of the performative approach in psychotherapy. Research methods: analysis of everyday discourse and media content to identify leading intentions of ideological influence, including observation and comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various psychotherapeutic methods, and axiopsychological reinterpretation of some psychotherapeutic practices. The results. The study revealed limited possibilities for implementing psychological education and encouraging critical thinking of the militaristic propaganda recipients. Instead, in the era of dominance of performance, when contemplation has been replaced with actions, the techniques of “emotional judo” become useful that introducing careful counterarguments to remove leaders – demagogues and dictators – from power and to apply real changes in life circumstances (primarily, to achieve Ukraine’s victory in the war). The forms of individual resistance to MMP, the imperial “rashism” ideology are derived from M. Seligman's PERMA formula. This is an axio-psychological interpretation of its emotional, intellectual, communicative and physical (acts) components. The article considers types of shaming used by political bloggers due to the total influence of Internet communications and widely spread invective practices in media content. The features of limited shaming in counter-propaganda are described. Conclusions. The antidote to MMP in the latest era of Meta-modernism means the performative exposition of its causes, manifestations and consequences to achieve real value transformation in the population affected by the imperial ideology. Axiopsychological reinterpretation of the positive psychological formula PERMA consists of the following steps: emotional rejection, reflexive criticism, value-orientation unity, reliance on a sense of dignity, defense of universal values and the will to defeat an existential enemy.

Barnyard millet belongs to the family poaceae, having good nutritional properties and is also effective for diabetic patients because of its ability to reduce the blood glucose levels. The research on genomics in barnyard millet lagging behind other millets and cereals, where there is a need of more focus towards identification of microsatellite markers. The availability of EST sequences given possibility to develop and explore the EST based SSRs and SNPs. Hence, the present study was conducted at ICAR-Vivekananda Parvateeya Krishi Anusanthan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand in the year 2014-2015. In the present study, the barnyard millet EST sequences (41) were downloaded in FASTA format to find the microsatellite type, distribution, frequency and developed a total of 22 primer pairs from the ESTs. The most frequent SSR repeats found to be tetra- nucleotide repeats (50 percent) followed by the penta- and hexa- nucleotide repeats. Among the dimeric SSRs, GT was found to be the most common repeat motif, AGG was the most common repeat motif in trimeric repeat motifs. The most common tetra-, penta- and hexa nucleotide repeat motifs were AGA, CAAA, TGTTT, AGACGA respectively. The SNP mining of barnyard millet ESTs found to have 1 potential SNP and 1 reliable SNP and two haplotypes. Comparative analysis of barnyard millet EST sequences with the rice genome database showed that they were homology to the rice chromosomal regions of 2, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 12, however with maize genome showed homology with respect to Zea mays Waxy gene. Thus the identified twenty two microsatellite markers and SNPs can be effectively used for barnyard millet genomics applications to study diversity, and mapping aspects.

The article is dedicated to a comparative analysis of the novella "The Metamorphosis" (1912) by Austrian writer Franz Kafka and the story "Kül balığı" ("Lake Fish," 1984) by Tatar writer Fauziya Bayramova in the context of intertextuality and the tradition of representing animalistic/mythical metaphors, which serve the function of artistic generalization and reveal the authors' key socio-philosophical intentions. Despite cultural and temporal differences, these works are united by a common motif of metamorphosis and the problem of alienation. The research focuses on philosophical themes (parallels) and national-artistic differences in their presentation. The central theme of the study is the tragedy of an individual rejected by society due to their distinctive appearance. The research investigates the representation of the tragic collision between individual consciousness, marked as "other," and the repressive structures of collective society. The methodological framework of the study includes comparative, hermeneutic, philosophical, and cultural analysis, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of the artistic world of the writers. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the story "Lake Fish" by Bayramova is analyzed in comparison with Kafka’s novella "The Metamorphosis" for the first time. As a result of the analysis conducted in this article, the researchers identified common motifs in the aforementioned works: metaphorical transformation, existential alienation of the individual, and loss of identity. Despite the similarity of the initial situation (the preservation of human consciousness in a "foreign" body — an insect in Kafka’s case and a fish-girl in Bayramova’s), the authors reveal the tragedy in different ways. Kafka, through absurdity and the normalization of the monstrous, depicts the passive acceptance of the protagonist's alienation in a soulless society, which gives rise to a sense of hopelessness. Bayramova, through psychological insight and "stream of consciousness," portrays the active, sacrificial protest of the heroine. Her tragedy is tied to the conflict between individuality and the collective, and the ending, despite the demise, leaves a tragic hope rooted in national mythology. The authors of the article emphasize that by relying on intellectual allegory, Bayramova elevates her story to the level of philosophical generalization about the loss of human essence, the problem of personal freedom, and the eternal conflict between individuality and the society.

Both small GTPase and its activating protein (GAP) superfamilies exist in various eukaryotes. The small GTPases regulate a wide variety of cellular processes by cycling between active GTP- and inactive GAP-bound conformations. The GAPs promote GTPase inactivation by stimulating the GTP hydrolysis. In this study, we identified 111 small GTPases and 85 GAPs in rice, 65 GAPs in Arabidopsis, 90 small GTPases in Drosophila melanogaster, and 35 GAPs in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeby genome-wide analysis. We then analyzed and compared a total of 498 small GTPases and 422 GAPs from these four eukaryotic and human genomes. Both animals and yeast genomes contained five families of small GTPases and their GAPs. However, plants had only four of these five families because of a lack of the Ras and RasGAP genes. Small GTPases were conserved with common motifs, but GAPs exhibited higher and much more rapid divergence. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of all small GTPases and GAPs in five eukaryotic organisms, we estimated that their ancestors had small sizes of small GTPases and GAPs and their large-scale expansions occurred after the divergence from their ancestors. Further investigation showed that genome duplications represented the major mechanism for such expansions. Nonsynonymous substitutions per site (Ka) and synonymous substitutions per site (Ks) analyses showed that most of the divergence due to a positive selection occurred in common ancestors, suggesting a major functional divergence in an ancient era.

“Willam Wordsworth” is known as one of the most efficient poets of “English literature” whose contributions cannot be understated. This paper will explore the contributions made by "Willam Wordsworth" in English Poetry. Three famous works by "Willam Wordsworth" will be analysed here which includes “Lucy poems, The Prelude and Lyrical Ballads”. The research will use a comparative, thematic and content analysis process to analyse the impact "Willam Wordsworth" had on nature. The Prelude shoes the personal growth and opportunities for self-exploration of "Willam Wordsworth" while Lucy Poems explored the themes of “beauty, loss, and mortality”. Lyrical Ballads has focused on simplifying language and also making poetry accessible for the masses. The research has found that there are common motifs in all the poems which are the “transformative power of nature, the transience of life, and human introspection”. This shows the cohesive poetic vision of Wordsworth which was important in establishing Romanticism.

We recently introduced a new molecular description factor, interaction profile Factor (IPF) that is useful for evaluating molecular interactions. IPF is a data set of interaction energies calculated by the Comparative Molecular Interaction Profile Analysis system (CoMIPA). CoMIPA utilizes AutoDock 3.0 docking program, and the system has shown to be a powerful tool in clustering the interacting properties between small molecules and proteins. In this report, we describe the application of CoMIPA for protein clustering. A sample set of 15 proteins that share less than 20% homology and have no common functional motifs in primary structure were chosen. Using CoMIPA, we were able to cluster proteins that bound to the same small molecule. Other structural homology-based clustering programs such as PSI-BLAST or PFAM were unable to achieve the same classification. The results are striking because it is difficult to find any common features in the active sites of these proteins that share the same ligand. CoMIPA adds new dimensions for protein classification and has the potential to be a helpful tool in predicting and analyzing molecular interactions.

This article discusses methods for analyzing the characters of the epics "Kurmanbek" and "Zhanysh Bayysh". The research aims to identify the key characteristics and motivations of the characters, as well as to analyze their role in the development of the plot and the reflection of cultural values. Using a comparative method, the article analyzes how various literary techniques affect the perception of characters and their significance in the context of the epic. The purpose of the research is an in-depth analysis of the characters of the epics "Kurmanbek" and "Zhanysh Bayysh" using various methods of literary analysis to identify their cultural and social significance. Objectives: to study the main characteristics of the characters in both epics, to analyze the methods used by the authors to create images of characters, to identify cultural and social aspects reflected in the characters' characters. Conclusion, as a result of the analysis, it was found that the characters "Kurmanbek" and "Zhanysh Bayysh" not only perform plot functions, but also serve as carriers of cultural and moral values. Their images help to understand the historical context and social realities in which these epics were created. Hypotheses: the characters of the epics "Kurmanbek" and "Zhanysh Bayysh" reflect various aspects of the cultural identity and values of the Kyrgyz people. The use of various literary techniques (symbolism, allegory, dialogue) influences the perception of characters and their significance in the epic. A comparative analysis of the characters can reveal common and distinctive features that emphasize the uniqueness of each epic. Recommendations. It is recommended to further study the influence of the historical context on the formation of characters in the Kyrgyz epic. A deeper comparative analysis with other Central Asian epics is needed to identify common themes and motifs. It is necessary to pay attention to modern interpretations of these epics in literature and art in order to understand their relevance in modern society.