Reviews and Short Notices

This superbly illustrated collection of essays covers the history of old age in the West from antiquity through to the twentieth century. Pat Thane has brought together a group of well established scholars, all of whom have already made significant contributions to the history of ageing: Tim Parkin, Shulamith Shahar, Lynn Botelho, David Troyansky, Thomas Cole, and Claudia Edwards. The essays are bound together in a compelling but not restrictive fashion around pivotal questions about old age in the past. What proportion of a given population was ‘old’? How were the elderly portrayed in the visual and written arts? What were medical views and actions regarding old age? And what was the nature and quality of life, within the household and in society at large, for the aged? Although each essay succinctly but subtly answers these questions, the most valuable contribution of the collection as a whole comes from the ways in which the book presents the ‘long history’ of old age in such a manner that we can finally begin to see clearly key elements of change and, more strikingly, continuity across Europe (and, in later periods, North America). An overarching theme in these essays is the great variety of images and experiences of old age in any given culture. Old age was experienced in dramatically different ways not merely over time, but even more importantly, according to class, gender, region of habitation, family circumstances, personal health and personality. At the same time, however, an older person's attitudes and opportunities were fundamentally determined by the historical moment in which he or she lived. Four main areas of change over time emerge in the volume, all pivoting on the era of industrialisation and modernisation from the later eighteenth century. One of the most important innovations of the modern period was the introduction of pensions—first among civil servants in the eighteenth century, and later, in the early twentieth century, by national pension plans. Such schemes not only revolutionised thinking and practice in regards to retirement, but also they altered the entire ‘economy of makeshifts’ that had characterised the lives of all but the well-to-do elderly throughout the previous centuries. Surprisingly, vicious ageist stereotypes in art and literature appear to decline in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As we move away from the many allegorical and symbolic representations of old age in the medieval and early modern eras, we generally see more sympathetic, individualistic and accurate depictions of older people from the nineteenth century onwards. This later period also witnessed the abandonment of humoural conceptions of the physiology of old age (the notion that people become colder and dryer as they age), the medicalisation of old age, and the emergence of geriatric medicine. Finally, this collection clearly acknowledges the marked disconnect in old age history that occurred with the extension of the lifespan in the twentieth century. These elements of change notwithstanding, areas of continuity tend to stand out very prominently here. Old people from classical Greece to twentieth-century America valued their independence and generally worked into their later years as they sought to retain their autonomy. Reciprocal obligations among family members have been consistently important to the elderly, but community ties were also essential to the wellbeing of the aged throughout the course of history. While the last two centuries may have toned down the level of scorn directed towards older people, the aged have always been derided and mocked by some elements of society, and intergenerational tensions have been constant. There was no ‘scarcity value’ in being old, since Western society has always contained a significant number of the elderly, and no true gerontocracies have existed in Europe's past. Perhaps most poignantly, we can see that old age has always rendered people particularly vulnerable to isolation. Indeed, the images and anecdotes regarding older people abandoned in institutions are undeniably powerful—from the reproduction of Pio Albergo Trivulzio's haunting painting, Those Left Behind at Christmas, in the introduction, to the ‘chilling’ photographs from nineteenth-century British workhouses in the chapter by Thomas Cole and Claudia Edwards. This collection of essays manages to capture such facets of life with deep empathy, while still presenting the essential elements of a narrative history of old age in a crisp, concise and accessible manner, with brilliantly chosen and helpfully annotated images.

ANCIENT: La Tyrannie Dans la Grèce antique. By Claude Mossé ANCIENT: Histoire des Doctrines Politiques en Grèce. By Claude Mossé ANCIENT: Roman Colonisation under the Republic. By E. T. Salmon ANCIENT: Roman Archaeology and Art: Essays and Studies by Sir Ian Richmond. Edited by Peter Salway ANCIENT: The title of Dr. J. J. Wilkes' ANCIENT: Constantine. By R. MacMullen MEDIEVAL: The Carolingian Renaissance and the idea of Kingship. By Walter Ullmann MEDIEVAL: The Twelfth Century Renaissance. By Christopher Brooke MEDIEVAL: The Reign of Stephen, 1135–54: Anarchy in England. By H. A. Cronne MEDIEVAL: The Kingdom in the Sun, 1130–94. By John Julius Norwich MEDIEVAL: Frederick Barbarossa. By Marcel Pacaut (translated by Arnold J. Pomerans) MEDIEVAL: The Original Statutes of Cambridge University. The text and its History. By M. B. Hackett MEDIEVAL: England 1200–1640. By G. R. Elton MEDIEVAL: Die Bündisse der Bodenseestädte bis Zum Jahre 1390. Ein Beitrag Zur Geschichte Des Einungswesens, Der Landfriedenswahrung und der Rechtsstellung der Reichsstädte. By Jörg Füchtner MEDIEVAL: The Muqaddimah MEDIEVAL: The Last Byzantine Renaissance. By Steven Runciman MEDIEVAL: The Great Schism 1378: The Disintegration of the Papacy. By J. Holland Smith MEDIEVAL: The Age of Recovery: The Fifteenth Century. By Jerah Johnson and William Percy. (The Development of Western Civilization, edited by Edward W. Fox.) MEDIEVAL: English Gascony 1399–1453: A Study of War, Government and Politics During The Later Stages of the Hundred Years War. By M. G. A. Vale MEDIEVAL: The Hylle Cartulary. Edited by Robert W. Dunning MEDIEVAL: Monarchy and Community: Political Ideas in the Later Conciliar Controversy, 1430–1450. By A. J. Black MEDIEVAL: Self and Society in Medieval France: The Memoirs of Abbot Quibert of Nogent (New York: Harper and Row EARLY MODERN: Scholars and Gentlemen. Universities and Society in Pre‐Industrial Britain 1500–1700. By Hugh Kearney EARLY MODERN: Edward vi: The Young King. The Protectorship of the Duke of Somerset. By W. K. Jordan EARLY MODERN: Mary Queen of Scots. By Antonia Fraser EARLY MODERN: The First Trial of Mary, Queen of Scots. By Gordon Donaldson EARLY MODERN: John Stubbs's Gaping Gulf with Letters and other Relevant Documents. Edited by Lloyd E. Berry EARLY MODERN: The Great Debasement: Currency and the Economy in Mid‐Tudor England By J. D. Gould EARLY MODERN: The Charter Controversy in the City of London, 1660–1688, and its Consequences. By Jennifer Levin EARLY MODERN: The English Presbyterians: From Elizabethan Puritanism to Modern Unitarianism. By C. G. Bolam, Jeremy Goring, H. L. Short and Roger Thomas EARLY MODERN: The Family Life of Ralph Josselin. A Seventeenth‐Century Clergyman. An Essay in Historical Anthropology. By Alan Macfarlane THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Il Cameralismo E L'Assolutismo Tedesco. By Pierangelo Schiera THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: The Tsardom of Moscow 1547–1682. By George Vernadsky THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Dictionary of Russian Historical Terms from the Eleventh Century to 1917. Compiled by Sergei G. Pushkarev THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: The Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1772–1783. By Alan W. Fisher THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Autocratic Politics in a National Crisis: The Imperial Russian Government and Pugachev's Revolt, 1773–1775. By John T. Alexander THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: An Eighteenth‐Century Shopkeeper: Abraham Dent of Kirby Stephen. by T. S. Willan THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: The British Establishment 1760–1784. By Alan Valentine THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Myth and Reality in Late Eighteenth Century British Politics. By Ian R. Christie THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Edited by J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Jacques Godechot's account of the Taking of the Bastille THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Maria Theresa and the House of Austria. By C. A. Macartney THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: The First European Revolution, 1776–1815. By Norman Hampson THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Robert Zapperi's critical edition of Emmanuel Sieyes's qu'est ce que le Tiers état THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Talleyrand: Statesman‐Priest. By Louis S. Greenbaum THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Jacobin Legacy. The Democratic Movement under the Directory. By Isser Woloch THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: The Police and the People. French Popular Protest 1789–1820. By Richard Cobb THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Europe 1780–1830. By Franklin L. Ford THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: The Spinning Mule. By Harold Catling THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: The Life and Times of Vuk Stefanović Karadẑić, 1787–1864: Literacy, Literature and National Independence in Serbia. By Duncan Wilson THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: The Insurrectionists. By W. J. Fishman THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Essays in European Economic History 1789–1914. Edited by F. Crouzet, W. H. Chaloner and W. M. Stern THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Industrialisation in Nineteenth Century Europe. By Tom Kemp THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Studies in Railway Expansion and the Capital Market in England, 1825–1873. By Seymour Broadbridge THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Constitutional Bureaucracy. By Henry Parris THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Treasury Control of the Civil Service, 1854–74. By Maurice Wright THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: P. T. Marsh's The Victorian Church in Decline THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: A Discourse on the Studies of the University. By Adam Sedgwick, with introduction by Eric Ashby and Mary Anderson THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Chartism. A New Organisation of the People. By William Lovett and John Collins, with introduction by Asa Briggs THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: The Medical and Legal Aspects of Sanitary Reform. By Alexander P. Stewart and Edward Jenkins, with introduction by M. W. Flinn THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: The Bitter Cry of Outcast London. By Andrew Mearns, edited with an introduction by Anthony S. Wohl THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: The Czech Revolution of 1848. By Stanley Z. Pech THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Studies in the Government and Control of Education since 1860. Edited by D. C. A. Bradshaw THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: The Education of the People. By Mary Sturt THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Russian Economic Policy under Nicholas I. By Walter Mckenzie Pintner THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Gladstone and Kruger. Liberal Government and Colonial ‘Home rule’, 1880–1885. By D. M. Schreuder THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Entente Cordiale: The Origins and Negotiations of the Anglo‐French Agreements of 8 April 1904. By P. J. V. Rolo THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Milner's Young Men: The ‘Kindergarten’ in Edwardian England. By Walter Nimocks THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: The central theme of the Foreign Office and Foreign Policy 1898–1914 by Zara S. Steiner THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Origins of the First World War. By L. C. F. Turner THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: First Sea Lord. An Authorized Biography of Admiral Lord Fisher. By Richard Hough THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Ireland and Anglo‐American Relations, 1899–1921. By Alan J. Ward THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War 1904–1914. By Samuel R. Williamson THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Hankey, Man of Secrets, Volume One: 1877–1918. By S. W. Roskill THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: Empire to Welfare State: English History, 1906–1967. By T. O. Lloyd THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: Courtaulds—An Economic and Social History. By D. C. Coleman THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: The Soviet Achievement. By J. P. Nettl THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: The Impact of The Russian Revolution. 1917–1967. Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: The Irish Convention, 1917–18. By R. B. McDowell THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: The Political Diaries of C. P. Scott, 1911–1928. Edited by Trevor Wilson THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: Communism and the British Trade Unions 1924–1933: A Study of The National Minority Movement. By Roderick Martin THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: The British Economy, 1870–1939. By Derek H. Aldcroft and Harry W. Richardson THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: The Abc of Communism. By N. Bukharin and E. Preobrazhensky; introduction by E. H. Carr THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: The Trial of Bukharin. By George Katkov THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: Lenin's Last Struggle. By Moshe Lewin THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: The Berlin Police Force in the Weimar Republic. By Hsi‐huey Liang THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: MacDonald Versus Henderson: The Foreign Policy of the Second Labour Government. By David Carlton THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: The latest two volumes of Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 (Edited by W. N. Medlicott, Douglas Dakin and M. E. Lambert. London: H.M.S.O.) deal wi

The application of post modern concept ‘objective observation’1 in regard to analyse or interpret ‘gender based action’ of all historical development sensnared me to choose this topic to weigh up all women who were concerned and engrossed in female education in Nineteenth century's Bengal. Recently there is a talk among the scholars that women's history should shot to comprehend women on their own terms and would need detecting unexplored information as well as reinterpretation from a new perspective. However, the concern of female education which initially received substantial attention by the male dominated social reformers (both the Native and the European) in Nineteenth Century’ Bengal has already been given considerable recognition by the social scientists through different writings. But the significant involvement from the female section (both the Native and the European) in that particular field has not yet been properly travelled around or thrash out. There are few major researches done by social scientists2 to envisage or enlighten this issue, but no one ever comes across the subject of individual women's role in women education in Nineteenth century's Bengal as a whole - distinctly and accordingly. So, here in this paper, first, my endeavour is to providea contemporary critical background that basically led to the general development of female education in Bengal. And then, I switch over to sketch out all the female personnels (from nineteenth century) either European or Indian who laboured (individually or collectively) for the progress of female education. And finally, what was the magnitude and exposition of female education, what were the obstacles, and how far they got success are the main questions that I am supposed to answer in an intelligible way.

Few historians would disagree that the fifth marquis of Lansdowne's greatest achievement was the Anglo-French entente of 1904. As with the ‘Peace Letter’ of November 1917, however, in which Lansdow...

Muhammad Amin al-Husayni, the principal leader of Palestinian nationalism during the British mandate, was one of the modern Arab world's most controversial figures. He played a role in the 1992 Wailing Wall disturbance, took part in the Iraqi revolt of 1941, and was the target of British and Zionist assasins during World War II. Philip Mattar now offers the first full-length biography of this intriguing figure, weaving a fresh and objective revisionist account. Mattar clarifies al-Husayni's role in the politics of Palestine in the mandate era and the Palestinian national movement. He describes his rise to religious power as Mufti of Jerusalem and head of the Supreme Muslim Council. He also demarcates two major phases in al-Husayni's career. During his first, between 1917 and 1936, he was a cautious and pragmatic leader who, while opposing Zionism, cooperated with the British mandatory officials. The second phase, however, after 1936, was marked by militancy, frustration, and ultimately failure.

In nineteenth-century Bengal, the language standardization of Bangla to create Sadhubhasha (chaste Bengali) was central to the emergence of a print-based imagined community. Constructed through a deliberate process of infusing Sanskrit vocabulary and excluding Persian-Arabic elements and regional dialects, Sadhubhasha became the privileged means of literary production and print culture among the local elites or Bhadralok. But the construction of print culture in standardized Bangla perpetuated exclusionary dynamics against marginalized groups, including Bengali-speaking Muslims (also lower caste and other underprivileged people). This paper investigates how, in reaction to the exclusionary currents of standardization, Bengali Muslims developed an alternative vernacular literary community (Sahitya Samaj) in Bangla and (re)appropriated Bangla in their own way. They tried to ensure individuality (Swatontrota) in their linguistic choice by (re)appropriating/modifying Bangla in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While discussing certain structural elements of Bangla used by them, this paper argues that the process of modification/(re)appropriation of Bangla by the Bengali Muslims can be read as dismantling the monolithic idea of the standard Bangla. It also shows that the modification of Bangla by Bengali Muslims was the expression of the community’s ethno-cultural identity, while the linguistic changes themselves served to cement community solidarity.

Reviewed by: Ireland: A Social, Cultural, and Literary History, 1791–1891 Sara L. Maurer (bio) Ireland: A Social, Cultural, and Literary History, 1791–1891, by James H. Murphy; pp. 224. Dublin and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 2003, €65.00, $65.00, €24.95 paper, $23.95 paper. Two hundred years after George IV allegedly announced that Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent (1801) had at last given him some real knowledge of his Irish subjects, those of us who consider our business the nineteenth-century British Isles still seem in want of a [End Page 466] reliable guide to Ireland. James H. Murphy writes to fill that need. He describes his book's purpose as twofold: on the one hand to elaborate the social context of nineteenth-century Irish literature in order to stimulate new currents of research in that field, and on the other "to report on current thinking and research on nineteenth-century Ireland from a variety of disciplines" (1). In the second endeavor, his book succeeds admirably, providing a brief but clear guide to the basic features of Irish life for those with little prior knowledge of it. Yet while Murphy presents the entire book as "based on a synthesis of current scholarship" (2), in his first stated purpose—stimulating research in nineteenth- century Irish literature—his book provides a more idiomatic view of Irish literature than he admits. This is not to say that Murphy's account of literature is not worthwhile, but rather to say that much like King George before us, we should be wary of taking any view as wholly representative when we educate ourselves on Ireland. At its best Murphy's overview reads like an animated conversation with a generous dissertation advisor, eager to point out an array of historical facts, cultural trends, and recent scholarship, as well as to suggest how these call for more in-depth investigation. Murphy offers a rapid-fire roundup of some of the most prominent features of the nineteenth-century Irish landscape; Ribbonmen, hedge schools, Daniel O'Connell's monster meetings, famine depopulation, religious factionalism, Fenians, the Home Rule movement, Paddy stereotypes, and the Gaelic Athletic Association are all concisely introduced and explained. Where scholarly opinion diverges, Murphy lists the competing theories, summarizing, for instance, schools of thought on the composition of the agrarian agitators known as Whiteboys, multiple explanations of why Tridentine Catholicism was so fervently embraced by the Irish, and debates about possible factors in the outbreak of the Land War. For scholars familiar with the British nineteenth century, but unschooled in Irish history, this book presents the basics in an easy day's read and provides a useful point of departure for further research. The volume concludes with a fifty-page bibliography of key scholarship on the Irish nineteenth century, grouped by topics such as "religion," "social life," and "land," as well as by individual literary authors. Most noteworthy about Murphy's work is the way its chronology avoids standard narratives that treat the Irish nineteenth century as either too British to count as Irish history at all, or else as one long prelude to Irish modernism and the Irish Free State. By starting his book with the first stirrings of rebellion that culminated in the 1798 uprising, Murphy crafts a historical vision of the century as begun on Irish initiative, rather than a century defined by the British imposition of the Act of Union in 1801. By ending before the Irish literary revival of the 1890s, Murphy is able to deal with the literary material in his book on terms other than whether it prefigures or fails to live up to Irish modernism. This is an Ireland that matters to a Victorian studies audience, an Ireland whose culture and history aren't simply idling in wait of their apotheosis in the twentieth century. Given this rather innovative organization, the most disappointing aspect of the book is its complete segregation of gender into the penultimate chapter, which provides a brief litany of how women's lives changed over the course of the century. Murphy knows this topic well (he coedited Gender Perspectives in Nineteenth-Century Ireland with Margaret Kelleher [Dublin, Irish Academies Press...

Book Review| November 01 2021 Review: Translocal Lives and Religion: Connections between Asia and Europe in the Late Modern World, edited by Philippe Bornet Translocal Lives and Religion: Connections between Asia and Europe in the Late Modern World. Edited by Philippe Bornet. Equinox Publishing, 2021. 318 pages. $100.00 cloth; $32.00 paper; ebook available. W. Michael Ashcraft W. Michael Ashcraft Truman State University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Nova Religio (2021) 25 (2): 142–144. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2021.25.2.142 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation W. Michael Ashcraft; Review: Translocal Lives and Religion: Connections between Asia and Europe in the Late Modern World, edited by Philippe Bornet. Nova Religio 1 November 2021; 25 (2): 142–144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2021.25.2.142 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentNova Religio Search The central theme of Translocal Lives and Religion concerns moving in one's mind, or on earth, from place to place. Why do some people feel compelled to travel across physical as well as religious vistas, to find new insights, revelations, and ideas? Those of us who study such phenomena do not have definitive answers to this question. Ultimately, it remains largely a mystery why a small number of individuals—certainly small in the time period of most of the figures presented in this book—would go to such great lengths to reshape their identities, searching far and wide for the certainties that they seemed to crave. Ten case studies tell the story of multiple locations in time, space, memory, and history, occupied by various religious actors who were mobile, not only literally but also figuratively. They moved across and between continents in the nineteenth-century world both physically and in their minds, their... You do not currently have access to this content.

The fabi reform of 1935–36 is widely recognised as an important milestone in the history of Republican China. It saw the Nationalist government in Nanjing break off China's age-old reliance on silv...

REVIEWS AND SHORT NOTICES

The nineteenth century was a very significant period in the history of modern India. It was during this period that the country witnessed the emergence of many intellectual currents in all aspects: religious, social, political, economic and cultural. For the colonial power, by the beginning of the nineteenth century, the empire had more or less been won. The job was to keep it, and to use it for profit. Colonialism was not the result of mere Western superiority, but of the unleashing of overwhelming force backed by technology at minimal cost. Technological changes affected the timing and location of European conquests and thus determined the economic relations of colonialism. It made European expansion swift, thorough and cheap. The new ability of Europeans in the nineteenth century to conquer other territories arose from relatively few inventions like iron-hulled steam ships, improved firearms, telegraph, railways and so on. With these tools, Europeans brought about a shift in global relations. The current study seeks to find answers as to how various technological tools and projects were used by the British in the nineteenth century Bengal and whether the relocation of Western technologies on Indian soil was really successful.

Throughout the nineteenth century, constitutional discussion concerned something called 'the English constitution'.Although often used unreflectively, this designation might be justified on the ground that 'the constitution' could then be identified only by studying the ancient laws and customs through which government had acquired its authority, and most of these time-worn practices were specifically English.When today's constitutional scholars purport to inquire into constitutional foundations, however, they generally reject the 'English' designation as being not only inaccurate but also repugnant.In its place they tend to assume that the UK is the appropriate entity.We therefore find reflective essays published under such titles as 'Is There a United Kingdom Constitution?' or 'None, One or Several?Perspectives on the UK's Constitution(s)'.Yet in such studies the fundamental issue is invariably glossed over: considered analysis of Northern Ireland's standing in the UK is avoided. 1 Occasionally, more serious attempts have been made to broach the question directly.In his essay on 'The Constitution of the United Kingdom', for example, Rodney Brazier notes that the place of Northern Ireland in 'the British state' has been 'all too clearly an unstable one'. 2 Acknowledging that after 1920 Northern Ireland was given the 'trappings of a semi-independent state', 3 Brazier reinforces an earlier comment by D.G.T. Williams whose essay of the same title accepts that 'in practice the constitutional status of the province has been difficult to define'. 4 But suggestive though these observations are, even these inquiries did not provoke their authors into undertaking a more systematic consideration of the issue.N.W. Barber has threatened to break with the practice of avoidance by emphasising the necessity of explaining the standing of Northern Ireland in what he calls the UK constitution.His book, The United Kingdom Constitution, begins by criticising the commonly held view, most prominently expressed by Anthony King in The British Constitution, that the politics and constitution of Northern Ireland are 'oddly detached' from the rest of the UK, that what 'happens in Northern Ireland scarcely affects British constitutional development', and that 'constitutional development in Britain scarcely affects what happens in Northern Ireland'. 5Barber recognises that the question of Northern Ireland raises 'difficult constitutional issues that are unlike those faced elsewhere in the UK', 6 but far from delivering on this promise and addressing their 1

This essay engages with two large themes in order to address the social and intellectual practices of nyāya scholars in early colonial Bengal. First, I examine networks that connected scholars with each other and, to a lesser extent, students and households. Exemplified in historical documents of the period, these networks demonstrate that nyāya scholars were part of larger scholar communities in Bengal and across India during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. I map these networks and examine their relevance for how nyāya scholars were organized in early colonial Bengal. Second, I examine circulation patterns of manuscripts of nyāya texts composed in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Bengal. I argue that a contraction in the distribution of nyāya manuscripts of works written in Bengal during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries took place, especially into southern India. The essay concludes by situating nyāya scholars within the context of colonialism and drawing larger conclusions about nyāya intellectual practices in Bengal during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

INTRODUCTION 1. Constitutionalism, Legitimacy, and Power: Nineteenth-Century Experiences CONSTITUTIONS AS ANTI-REVOLUTIONARY DEVICES 2. A Nineteenth-Century 'Truman Doctrine' avant la lettre? Constitutional Liberty Abroad and the Parliamentary Debate About British Foreign Policy from Castlereagh to Palmerston 3. State Building by Means of Constitution in the Italian Constitutional Monarchy 4. 'Monarchical Constitutionalism' in Post-Napoleonic Europe: Concept and Practice 5. Restorations and Constitutions CONSTITUTIONS AND THE JUSTIFICATION OF NEW SOCIAL INEQUALITIES 6. Rethinking Women's Suffrage in the Nineteenth Century: Local Government and Entanglements of Property and Gender in the Austrian Half of the Habsburg Monarchy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom 7. Constitution, Ownership, and Human Rights 8. Constitutionalism, Inheritance, and Orders of Property. Land Laws in Nineteenth-Century Britain and Germany CONSTITUTIONS AS PROMOTERS OF NATIONALISM 9. 'Equality among the Nationalities' and the Peoples (Volksstamme) of the Habsburg Empire 10. 'Long Live Sultan Abdulaziz, Long Live the Nation, Long Live The Constitution...' 11. The Norwegian Constitution of 1814 between European Restoration and Liberal Nationalism 12. Ariadne's Thread: Navigating Postcolonial Spanish America's Labyrinth through Constitution Building in New Granada (1809-1812) CONSTITUTIONS AS INSTRUMENTS OF IMPERIALISM 13. The Suspension of Constitutionalism in the Heart of Darkness 14. Modernizing Heterogeneous Empire: the Fundamental Laws of 1906 and the Incorporation of the Grand Duchy of Finland 15. Visions of Constitutionalism: The Implementation of Representative Institutions in the British Colonies 16. 'The most decorous veil which legal ingenuity can weave': The British Annexation of New Zealand (1840) CONSTITUTIONS AS LEGAL AND POLITICAL TEXTS 17. What is a Constitution? What is Constitutional History? 18. Egon Zweig and the Intellectual History of Constituent Power 19. Unintended Democracy: Parliamentary Reform in the UK

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