Reviewing the photovoltaic potential of Bijeljina in the Republic of Srpska

This study aims to investigate the potential of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems for commercial buildings. Helio-Scope software is utilized to perform simulations to determine the ideal rooftop area for photovoltaic panels. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems is impacted by the shading effects of photovoltaic modules installed in parallel rows. To enhance energy output, the optimal distance between rows is determined, and it is found that 5-feet inter-row spacing provides the best results. The simulation results indicate that with 5-feet inter-row spacing, photovoltaic system has an energy generation of 371.6 MWh, specific yield of 1508.0 kWh/kWp, performance ratio of 82.1%, solar access rate of 98.9%, total solar resource fraction of 96.3% and a total irradiance of 1655.9 kWh/m2. The annual nameplate energy is 425.1 MWh, output energy at irradiance levels is 423.1 MWh, optimal DC output is 378.5 MWh, inverter output is 373.5 MWh, and total energy delivered to the national power grid is 371.6 MWh. The average daily DC inverter input power is 158881.5110 W and the average daily AC inverter output power is 152231.6311 W, showing an inverter efficiency of approximately 95.93%. Moreover, detailed testing of the installed PV system is performed on-site to make sure that equipment’s performance guarantees are achieved, the system is properly installed and its configuration is suitable for commercial operations. The maximum daily output energy generation of an installed photovoltaic (PV) system is 1.33 MWh, and its average energy generation is 1.09 MWh. The voltage of all strings is within the rated range of the inverter, with a maximum voltage of 835 V and a minimum of 698 V, as tested by PV string open-circuit voltage. The inverter efficiency test is also performed, with a maximum efficiency of 98.83% and fill factors ranging from 81.37% to 82.34%. The payback period of a photovoltaic system is 4.22 years and LCOE is 0.0229$/kWh. PV system saved 215569.818 metric tons of CO2 in the first year and a total of approximately 5068976.99 metric tons in 25 years.

Performance evaluation of PV technologies above the surface of water body is crucial for identifying appropriate PV technology for the large-scale installation and performance improvement of floating PV systems. Performance evaluation of PV technologies mounted on water bodies and their comparison with corresponding ground-mounted technologies has not been widely reported. A setup was developed to experimentally determine and compare the behavior of two PV technologies (m-Si and CdTe) on the water and land. The electrical output of these PV technologies has been monitored for six months. A comparative study has been performed to know the difference in performance output between traditional ground-mounted and water-mounted PV systems. The decrease in evaporation due to PV system deployment on water bodies has also been determined experimentally. The water-mounted m-Si module's performance is lower than the corresponding ground-mounted module, which contradicts the general perception of the higher power generation capacity of crystalline technology-based water-mounted PV systems. However, the water-mounted CdTe module's performance is found to be greater than the ground-mounted CdTe module. In addition, there is a decrease of about 29% in evaporation by putting PV modules on the water surface

The ability to estimate the daily power production of any solar photovoltaic (SPV) generator, is the fundamental step required towards the future planning and forecast for any SPV energy delivery. Daily forecast of a SPV generator is quite necessary because, solar insolation (irradiation) is unpredictable and can only be available for about 13hours to 15hours limited period within 24hours of the day; depending on weather conditions. In addition to this, SPV plant infrastructures have underlying design faults that makes SPV generators to have inherent losses. For these reasons, knowing the average daily electrical power production of any SPV generator becomes one of the significant criteria, for private and/or commercial investment decisions in standalone SPV or grid-tied SPV system application. In this study, a one-day electrical power production of a SPV plant is modeled, using time series analysis with feedforward neural network. Inputs to the model are datasets containing SPV module temperature, point of array irradiance relating to the local site and the time the weather parameters are sampled. Output to the model will be the estimated SPV electrical power. The performance of the proposed model is verified using mean square error for the validation datasets and the trained datasets.

A model of integration between PV and thermal CSP technologies

This paper shows the results of a design study on possible applications for Luminescent Solar Concentrator PV technologies. The study focused on product integration of LSC PV technologies and was executed by students of Industrial Design Engineering at University of Twente (NL). In total 16 different and highly innovative conceptual designs resulted from this project, which were prototyped at scale to show their feasibility and integration features. In this paper we present several concepts, and discuss relevant findings for the integration of LSC PV technologies in future products and buildings. It is shown that the typical material properties of LSCs; low cost, colorful, bendable, and transparent do not only offer a lot of design freedom, but also offer excellent possibilities to incorporate this technology into the overall function and experience of applications.

Solar PV technology has emerged as one of the most matured and fast evolving renewable energy technologies and it is expected that it will play a major role in the future global electricity generation mix. Keeping the rapid development of the PV technology into consideration, this chapter systematically documents the evolution of solar PV material as well as the PV applications and PV markets. It also provides insight into the trend in batteries and inverters used for solar PV applications. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of different PV technologies and its development is summarized. The rest of the chapter aims at providing a comprehensive analysis of solar radiation measurement and modelling techniques to assess the availability of solar radiation at different locations. The chapter presents comprehensive information for solar energy engineers, architects and other practitioners.

Challenges and opportunities towards the development of floating photovoltaic systems

In this research, the synchronization between the PV system and grid designed with synchronization parameters are voltage, frequency, and phase angle difference. As a result, by using a synchronization system, the PV system and grid could be parallelized and supplying power into the load at the same time. The synchronization method used is zero-crossing detection because it is simple than the other method. The synchronization system consists of several components; voltage detector, frequency detector, phase angle detector, and switch controller which all of them are controlled using the Arduino board. The switch controller will be functioned based on input from the detector to do synchronization or parallelize the PV system and grid. Testing is done by simulating running in Proteus. Based on the result of the simulation, the system is successful to do synchronization between the PV system and grid, it can be observed from the grid and PV inverter voltage graph and current which is measured from load, grid, and inverter.

Electric production from renewable resources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV), is playing an increasingly essential role in the agricultural industry because of the progressive increase in the energy price from fossil fuels and the simultaneous decrease in the income deriving from farming activities. A central issue in the sustainable diffusion of PV technologies is represented by the actual energy efficiency of a PV system. For these reasons, a performance analysis has been carried out in order to assess the potentials offered by different PV plants within a defined geographical context with the aim of investigating the impact of each component has on the PV generator global efficiency and defining the main technical parameters that allow to maximise the annual specific electric energy yield of an architectonically integrated plant, installed in a dairy house, compared to a ground-mounted plant. The annual performances of three grid connected PV plants installed in the same dairy cattle farm have been analysed: two are architectonically integrated plants - <em>i.e.</em>, a rooftop unidirectional and a multi-field systems (both 99 kW<sub>p</sub>) - and the other is a ground-mounted plant (480 kW<sub>p</sub>). Furthermore, the electrical performances, estimated by the photovoltaic geographical information system (PVGIS), developed by the EU Joint Research Centre, and by an analytical estimation procedure (AEP), developed on the basis of a meteo-climatic database related to the records of the nearest weather station and integrated by the components’ technical specifications, have been compared with the actual yields. The best annual performance has been given by the ground-mounted PV system, with an actual increase of 26% and in the range of 6÷12% according to different estimations, compared to the integrated systems, which were globally less efficient (average total loss of 26÷27% compared to 24% of the ground-mounted system). The AEP and PVGIS software estimates showed a good level of reliability for mean deviations between the annual actual and estimated electrical power yields have been equal to 11.5% for each PV system given the actual irradiation’ s uncertainty during the examined year. The main technical parameters, crucial to maximise the energy yield from a ground-mounted PV system to an integrated one, have been identified in the Tilt and Azimuth angles. Indeed, once a variance of 3÷4% in the global efficiency has been confirmed when the type of PV system is changed, in the case of the unidirectional integrated PV plant, the high roof pitch and the almost South orientation guarantee a solar energy increase up to 18% higher than that obtainable on the horizontal plane and similar to the increase estimated for the ground-mounted generator (+20%). Hence, integrated PV systems, besides reaching the same levels of energy efficiency as those ground-mounted, are also more <em>sustainable</em> than the latter. This is true providing that there are both a suitable orientation and an accurate design, especially to prevent the PV panels’ warming during summer, on an already available surface that is, however, functional to the roof’s architecture.

Optimization of grid-photovoltaic and battery hybrid system with most technically efficient PV technology after the performance analysis

The work presented in this paper is about the technology and methods to install a floating solar PV (FPV) system. The major concern with ground mounted or roof top PV system is the place utilization, as the PV technology is to be alive for 25 years the point of location and space is very much a key role and long-term planning should be taken. This is one of the drawbacks in PV system, so the placing a PV system on the water resources is one of the best alternatives and the generation profile also improved a great for these kinds of systems as they are on the low temperature surroundings. In this extent the technology and the methods involved in the FPV is discussed with real time parameters of the solar system

The climate change that the earth has experienced in the past few decades has been widely attributed to the greenhouse effect. This damage to the earth's atmosphere has been caused by many things but it is the thirst for electrical energy that is one of the main attributors. Electrical energy has become so embedded in our daily lives that is has also become part of the architecture of this life. It is not that electrical energy is required, rather the method with which it is acquired. Current methods have damaging side affects to the atmosphere and the environment in general. As a result, Australia, as the highest producer of greenhouse gas emissions per capita in the world (Soorley 2004:21). In Australian, architecture and the building industry account for 14% of pollution through construction and maintaining the built environment (Szokolay 1992:32). The energy requirements of architecture- operational and embodied energy- are the contributing factors to this fact. There have been initiatives in trying to reduce this figure, especially by those who follow the Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) approach to architecture and the building industry, but these are far and few between. Residential architecture has attempted to address the issue but it is in commercial architecture, the major contributors of the pollution, which have yet to make substantial strides. As Wittman (1998) showed, there exist barriers to ESD architecture. These are wide and varied but of relevance to architectural design, are the conceptual design barrier. The cause of this problem may be that the focus of design moved from human comfort to purity of form (Colomban et al. 2002: 1) since mechanical air conditioning was introduced into architecture. It is also the consumption of energy through the use of the various energy dependant systems such as HVAC, electrical water, computer etc. The energy demand can be reduced through innovative design but cannot be extinguished (Melet 1999: 131); society and thus architecture has become energy dependant Although the problem of environmental responsibility there are many projects that aim to become responsible for this such as large scale wind farms, but architecture also needs to become responsible for its own energy demands; one way of doing this is that it needs to generate its own energy (Melet 1999: 132). The concept of energy-autonomous buildings arose in the 1970's as a reaction to the oil crisis. Questions of limitations on fossil fuel reserves were raised and the energy autonomous house was used to communicate the need for change (Wittman 1998: 69). These images are still now associated with 'green' or ESD architecture. They are characterised as impracticability, ugliness, and incompatible with modern living standards (Wittman 1998: 69). The alternative to this is the idea of energy/ carbon neutral built environment, where all buildings buy and share energy from each other; the energy economy (Melet 1999: 131). This theory was one that is similar to Buckminster Fuller's (1927) proposed World Game. Solar Photovoltaic technology is one that offers potential integration into architecture, a balanced energy economy. Expertise and product supply are available in many parts of the world, including Brisbane. Brisbane has high levels of solar irradiation and is a source of renewable energy that is in abundance. Electricity companies such as Energex offer to purchase electricity from grid-connected systems. This has been utilised in residential projects, but commercial projects are only starting with this idea. If commercial architecture also took up energy production as a theme, one could start to imagine a balanced energy economy-type scenario starting to emerge. Examples of energy-producing commercial architecture in Brisbane are far and few between. How one starts to perceive PV technology becomes an essential part of architectural design. In the past PV technology has been viewed as an 'additive' to the design, since they were merely 'bolted-on' to the architecture. It is this theory that has created an even larger problem as many start to believe that they are an unnecessary financial burden. If PV technology were to become the integrated into architecture, it would make them harder to 'get rid of' and their potential role understood. They set out a new perception of'green' architecture and advertise the energy problem to the wider population. Wider knowledge can lead to wider demand and thus understanding of the responsibilities of humanity to the earth's ecology. But what approach does one take to integrate PV s into architecture? What viewpoint must one take when using energy as a design basis? To what degree can PV s become part of the architecture and the experience of it? The following thesis aims to explore what design philosophies have been successful in integrating PV technology with commercial architecture. Emerging design theories concerned with Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) such as additive, invisible, determining design image, part of design image and technologically driven concepts are examined to determine which as been the most successful in achieving technology-integrated design. Which, if any, are most accessible for Brisbane's commercial architecture? In what way have they been successful? How does it interact with other components of architecture? Each has their own strengths and weaknesses but it seems that any approach that makes PV technology part of the architectural image is the strongest. It manipulates the image of' green' architecture, and advertises the energy responsibility, and hence environmental responsibility, the architecture is responding to. It starts to educate the wider population on the energy crisis the global society is experiencing and exemplifies how architecture can be shoulder its own energy demands. Energy generating architecture provides part of the solution to the greenhouse effect. It shows that commercial architecture can also contribute to this field and PV technology need no longer become an additive to the building. It reintroduces a way of tackling a global problem that has been of major concern to all. And it shows that PV technology can become an inspiration to an architectural design.

This article aims to examine the factors affecting the acceptance of photovoltaic technology in Poland. Questions were asked about the perceived usefulness and ease of use of PV technology, how the attitudes and intentions of using PV technology are shaped, and how activities related to the promotion of PV technology are perceived. An examination was also conducted on which sociodemographic variables influence the above-mentioned constructs. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the economic usefulness of prosumer PV technology is rated the highest from the cost perspective. In terms of perceived ecological utility, the highest ratings were assigned to intentions to increase the production of green energy and to perceiving PV heating as ecological. In both of the above cases, the variables that statistically significantly influenced this assessment were age and the fact of having a PV system. The perceived ease of use of the PV system was also rated highly. The answers provided differed significantly depending on the possession of a PV system, gender, size of the place of residence and whether there was a person with technical education in the household. It was also noted that the attitudes towards the technology of prosumer PV systems are very favorable in terms of all the examined variables defining this construct. The variables that statistically differentiated the answers were experience in using PV systems, age, and size of the town. Furthermore, attention was drawn to ambiguous assessments of the perception of activities related to the promotion of prosumer PV systems. It was established that the only sociodemographic variable that determines statistically significant differences is age.

Recent advances in longitudinal spatial area marine photovoltaics

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are integral to sustainable energy solutions. The choice between ground-mounted and roof-mounted systems significantly impacts efficiency, cost, and installation feasibility. This study provides a comparative analysis of these two solar PV installation types to inform stakeholders and guide decision-making. This study aims to guide stakeholders, including policymakers, investors, and energy planners, in making informed decisions regarding solar PV system installations. By highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, this review contributes to the broader understanding of solar PV deployment strategies and their implications for sustainable energy development. A systematic literature review was conducted to gather data from various sources including academic journals, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, SpringerLink, Academia, and research gate. Key criteria for comparison included energy production efficiency, initial and ongoing costs, installation complexity, and long-term maintenance. The review revealed that ground-mounted systems generally offer higher energy production due to optimal tilt and orientation adjustments, and often result in lower maintenance costs due to easier access. Conversely, roof-mounted systems are usually less costly to install as they utilize existing infrastructure and may benefit from lower regulatory hurdles. However, they are constrained by roof space and orientation limitations and may face higher maintenance costs due to accessibility issues. Ground-mounted solar PV systems typically provide greater efficiency and easier maintenance but at higher installation costs. Roof-mounted systems are more cost-effective in terms of installation but may present limitations in energy production and maintenance. The choice between these systems should be guided by specific site conditions, budget constraints, and long-term energy goals.