Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest towards the augmented reality as applied to the surgical field. We conducted a systematic review of literature classifying the augmented reality applications in oral and cranio-maxillofacial surgery (OCMS) in order to pave the way to future solutions that may ease the adoption of AR guidance in surgical practice. Publications containing the terms “augmented reality” AND “maxillofacial surgery”, and the terms “augmented reality” AND “oral surgery” were searched in the PubMed database. Through the selected studies, we performed a preliminary breakdown according to general aspects, such as surgical subspecialty, year of publication and country of research; then, a more specific breakdown was provided according to technical features of AR-based devices, such as virtual data source, visualization processing mode, tracking mode, registration technique and AR display type. The systematic search identified 30 eligible publications. Most studies (14) were in orthognatic surgery, the minority (2) concerned traumatology, while 6 studies were in oncology and 8 in general OCMS. In 8 of 30 studies the AR systems were based on a head-mounted approach using smart glasses or headsets. In most of these cases (7), a video-see-through mode was implemented, while only 1 study described an optical-see-through mode. In the remaining 22 studies, the AR content was displayed on 2D displays (10), full-parallax 3D displays (6) and projectors (5). In 1 case the AR display type is not specified. AR applications are of increasing interest and adoption in oral and cranio-maxillofacial surgery, however, the quality of the AR experience represents the key requisite for a successful result. Widespread use of AR systems in the operating room may be encouraged by the availability of “surgery-specific” head-mounted devices that should guarantee the accuracy required for surgical tasks and the optimal ergonomics.
Highlights
Oral and cranio-maxillofacial surgery (OCMS) is the surgical specialty treating the pathological alterations of the mouth, jaws, face, head and neck area
Twenty-four studies out of the total 48 were discarded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria: 4 papers were duplicates; 4 papers were written in languages other than English; 8 papers involved specialties other than OCMS; 3 were abstracts; 5 papers were reviews
COMPARISON BETWEEN APPLICATION SCENARIOS AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS We reported in Table 3 a comparative analysis aimed to outline any possible correlation of the different application scenarios (i.e. OCMS subspecialty, pathology) with the different tracking modalities, tracking bodies and registration techniques reported in the papers
Summary
Oral and cranio-maxillofacial surgery (OCMS) is the surgical specialty treating the pathological alterations of the mouth, jaws, face, head and neck area. This surgical specialty is often based on complex surgical procedures and involves delicate. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Andrea F. For this reason, patients often undergo a Computer Tomography (CT) scan before surgery, which allows the surgeons the possibility to plan the appropriate surgical approach based on patient imaging data and the reproduction of this planning during treatment (e.g. drilling position, implant position, resection margins, reconstructive planning). Surgeons have good knowledge and perception of the underlying structures, a beforehand more
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